经典名方中漏芦的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Rhapontici Radix in Famous Classical Formulas

通过查阅古代本草、医籍、方书,结合近现代文献资料,笔者对漏芦的名称、基原、学名、产地、采收加工、品质、功效等方面进行了系统的沿革梳理与考证,为含漏芦经典名方的开发提供了参考依据。考证结果表明,历代本草皆以“漏芦”为正名,尚有鹿骊根、老翁花、荚蒿等别名。历代本草记载的漏芦主流基原为今之菊科植物祁州漏芦Rhaponticum uniflorum,多以根入药,唐代以来北方地区尚将玄参科植物阴行草Siphonostegia chinensis的茎叶做漏芦使用,至近代《祁州药志》始根据当时商品流通情况按产地结合基原不同,将其分化为祁州漏芦和禹州漏芦两类,其中禹州漏芦为菊科植物驴欺口Echinops latifolius的根。古代漏芦的质量以“单州出者为胜”,现代祁州漏芦品质以表面黑色、整齐、粗壮、坚实、不碎裂、无枯心者为佳,禹州漏芦品质以枝条粗长、表面土棕色、质坚实、长短整齐者为佳。古代漏芦药材采收加工多为“八月采根,阴干”,现代多于春、秋二季采挖根部,晒干。古代炮制方法为与甘草拌蒸后用;现今则为除去杂质,洗净,润透,切厚片,晒干,以生品入药。基于考证结论,建议开发利用含漏芦的经典名方时,需要考证该方的组方背景,原方中若注明了炮制要求皆按要求炮制,未注明要求则建议以生品入药。

This article systematically sorted out and researched the name,origin,harvesting and other aspects of Rhapontici Radix by referring to ancient materia medica,medical books and prescription books,combined with modern literature,in order to provide a reference basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this herb.According to the results of the herbal textual research,it can be seen that all the generations of the materia medica have taken Loulu as the proper name,and there are also aliases such as Luligen,Laowenghua and Jiahao.The mainstream base of Rhapontici Radix recorded in the past dynasties was the present Compositae plant Rhaponticum uniflorum,which is mostly used as medicine with roots.Since the Tang dynasty,the stems and leaves of Siphonostegia chinensis have been used as Rhapontici Radix in the northern region.Until modern times,Qizhou Pharmacognosy began to differentiate it into two categories,Qizhou Loulu and Yuzhou Loulu,according to the commodity circulation at that time,producing area and origin,of which Yuzhou Loulu is the roots of Echinops latifolius,a plant of Compositae family.In ancient times,the quality of Loulu was based on"the one that comes out of Shanzhou is the best".However,in modern times,the quality of Qizhou Loulu is better if the surface is black,neat,sturdy,firm,not broken,and without a withered heart,while the quality of Yuzhou Loulu is better if the branches are thick and long with an earthybrown surface,solid texture and neat in length.In ancient times,most of the harvesting and processing of Loulu was"harvesting the roots in lunar August and drying them in the shade",while in modern times,the roots are mostly excavated in the spring and autumn,and dried in the sun.Its ancient method of processing is to mix and steam with licorice,nowadays,it is prepared by removing impurities,washing,moistening thoroughly,cutting into thick slices and drying in the sun,and then taking the raw products as medicine.Based on the research conclusion,it is suggested that when developing and utilizing the famous classical formulas containing Loulu,the background of the formula should be verified,and if the original formula indicated the requirement of processing,it should be processed according to the requirement,but if not,it is recommended to use raw products as medicine.