汉语黔东南方言的程度副词

Adverb of Degree In Qiandong nan Dialect of Chinese

程度副词是虚词的一类,是变量范畴的语义表征方式。文章对汉语黔东南方言的程度副词进行全方位分析,考察了黔东南方言的语法功能、特色程度副词和语序类型。汉语黔东南方言表程度的副词较丰富,可以分为相对程度副词与绝对程度副词两类,具有低量级、中量级、高量级和极量级四个等级。部分程度副词具有较强的独特性与地域性,是语言本体长期发展的结果。程度副词的语义具有多功能性,需结合语境来分析。在这些程度副词中,有部分词是由其他词语法化而来,其一是由动词语法化而来,语法化路径包括三个阶段,即“动词→形容词→副词”;其二是形容词转化而来,其路径为“形容词→副词”。语法化具有单向性和并存性,通过语义演变和语法复制来实现。在表程度的句子中,有两种语序类型,分布比较平衡。第一种为程度副词前置,即“AD+Adj”,该类型为汉语黔东南方言固有的结构;第二种为程度副词后置,即“Adj+AD”,该类型是语言接触的结果,汉语黔东南方言受到了当地苗、侗等少数民族语言的影响。

The adverb of degree is a kind of function words,which is the semantic representation of variable category.This paper analyzes the adverbs of degree in Qiandongnan dialect in all aspects,and investigates the grammatical functions,characteristic adverbs of degree and word order types of Qiandongnan dialect.There are abundant adverbs of degree in Qiandongnan dialect of Chinese,which can be divided into 2 categories:relative adverbs of degree and absolute adverbs of degree.They are of low,medium,high and extreme magnitude.Some degree adverbs have strong uniqueness and region,which is the result of the long-term development of language ontology.The semantics of degree adverbs are multi-functional and need to be analyzed in combination with context.Among these adverbs of degree,some words are derived from the legalization of other words.One is from the grammaticalization of verbs.The grammaticalization path goes through three stages.That is,“verb>adjective>adverb”;the second is the transformation of adjectives,its path is“adjective>adverb”.Grammaticization is unidirectional and coexistent,which is realized through semantic evolution and syntactic replication.In the sentence of degree,there are two types of word order,and the distribution is more balanced.The first is the preposition of adverb of degree,namely“AD+Adj”,which is the inherent structure of Qiandongnan dialect of Chinese.The second type is the postposition of degree adverb,namely“Adj+AD”.This type is the result of language contact.The southeast Guizhou dialect of Chinese is influenced by the local Miao,Dong and other minority languages.