城镇化背景下城乡义务教育一体化的第三条道路

The Third Way of Urban and Rural Compulsory Education Integration under the Background of Urbanization

在城乡义务教育一体化发展方向的探索上,学界存在着“强化乡村教育论”和“弱化乡村教育论”的道路之争,两条道路与当前的教育实践均存在一定的张力。研究发现,我国中西部地区形成了县域教育城镇化的浪潮,县域内三类学校的生源数量发生变化,不同学校的教育资源配置和家校关系性质呈现出显著差异。教育资源配置和家校关系性质形塑了学校的竞争形态和教育性质:县城学校在资源拥挤效应和嵌入型家校关系影响下,形成了竞争极化和锦标赛教育;乡镇学校在资源集聚效应和协作型家校关系影响下,形成了单一化的教育竞争和应试型教育;农村学校在资源反鲶鱼效应和脱嵌型家校关系影响下,形成了去竞争化的局面和保底型教育。通过对三类学校的比较,证明乡镇学校是适合农村学生发展的教育场域。因此,强化乡镇学校的教育能力,是改变乡村教育落后局面和促进城乡义务教育一体化发展的第三条道路。

In the exploration of the development direction of the integration of urban and rural compulsory education,there is a dispute between"strengthening rural education theory"and"weakening rural education theory"in the academic circles,and there is a certain tension between the two roads and the current educational practice.It is found that the wave of urbanization of county education has formed in the central and western regions of China,the number of students in three types of schools in counties and villages has changed,and the allocation of educational resources and the nature of home-school relationship in different schools have shown significant differences.The allocation of educational resources and the nature of home-school relationship have shaped the competitive form and educational nature of schools:under the influence of resource crowding effect and embedded home-school relationship,county schools have formed polarized educational competition and tournament education,under the influence of resource agglomeration effect and cooperative home-school relationship,township schools have formed a single educational competition and exam-oriented education,under the influence of anti-catfish effect of resources and deembedded family-school relationship,rural schools have formed de-competition situation and guaranteed education.Through the comparison of three types of schools,it is proved that township schools are educational fields suitable for the development of rural students.Therefore,strengthening the educational ability of township schools is the third way to change the backward situation of rural education and promote the integrated development of urban and rural compulsory education.