典型开放型岩溶地下水系统多重性特征研究

A study on the multiplicity characteristics of typical open karst groundwater systems

以贵州省岩溶山区典型的开放型岩溶地下水系统—地下河系统为研究单位,通过对地下水形成条件自然地理、基础地质和岩溶的分析,收集、统计水点、岩溶点和钻孔的高程、水位、流量等数据,阐明系统水文地质结构空间的多重特征及地下水动力的差异性。结果显示:地下河系统的水文地质结构“多重性”在平面上受地质构造、地层岩性等因素影响,可划分为(∈_(3-4))白云岩为主的地下水分散排泄子系统和(∈_(2 q))石灰岩为主的集中排泄子系统,平面“多重性”体现在水文地质“分区”方面。该地下河系统的垂向“多重性”体现在水文地质“分层”方面,垂向上,各子系统可进一步划分出包气带含水子系统(表层岩溶带含水子系统)和饱水带含水子系统(潜水带含水子系统);岩溶发育的“多重性”受地层岩性和地质构造等因素的控制,区内岩溶主要发育在(∈_(2 q))石灰岩区:地表发育12个岩溶洼地、18个落水洞和6个岩溶漏斗,地下发育溶洞、溶蚀裂隙等,与(∈_(2 q))石灰岩区岩溶发育的孤立、不均匀不同,(∈_(3-4))白云岩区岩溶主要发育为“网状”的溶孔、溶隙,规模小、分布较均匀。掌握开放型岩溶地下水系统的多重特征,对合理有效开发地下水资源、保护地下水环境具有指导意义。

Taking the typical open karst groundwater system-underground river system in the karst mountainous region of Guizhou Province as the research unit,the data on elevation,water level and flow of water points,karst points and boreholes are collected and counted through the analysis of the natural geography,basic geology and karst of groundwater formation conditions to elucidate the multiple characteristics of the hydro-geological structure space of the system and the variability of groundwater dynamics.The results show that:The hydro-geological structure of the underground river system is“multiple”in plan,influenced by geological formations,stratigraphic lithology and other factors,and can be divided into(∈_(3-4))dolomite-based decentralised groundwater drainage subsystems and(∈_(2 q))limestone-based centralised drainage subsystems,and the plan“multiple”is reflected in the hydro-geological“zoning”.The vertical“multiplicity”of this subsurface river system is reflected in the hydro-geological“stratification”,where the subsystems can be further divided vertically into the water-in-package subsystem(water-in-surface karst subsystem)and the water-in-saturated subsystem(water-in-submerged subsystem);The“multiplicity”of karst development is controlled by stratigraphic lithology and geological formations,and karst is mainly developed in the(∈_(2 q))limestone zone:there are 12 karst depressions,18 sinkholes and 6 karst funnels on the surface,and there are karst caves and karst fissures under the ground.Unlike the isolated and uneven development of karst in the limestone area(∈_(2 q)),the karst in the dolomite area(∈_(3-4))is mainly developed as“net-like”karst pores and gaps,with small scale and more uniform distribution.Understanding the multiple characteristics of open karst groundwater systems is a guide to the rational and effective development of groundwater resources and the protection of the groundwater environment.