基础教育“机会均等化”措施的效应评估——以北京市西城区“多校划片”政策为例

Evaluation on the Effect of“Opportunity Equalization”Measures in Basic Education:Taking the“Multi-school Zoning”Policy in Xicheng District of Beijing as an Example

促进均衡是我国基础教育未来发展中一项重要的任务,而基于“机会均等化”新措施的政策效应尚未得到充分研究。文章以北京市西城区在2020年推行的“多校划片”政策为例,从反映市场认可度的房地产资本化效应切入,理论推导和实证估计了基础教育“机会均等化”措施的政策效应。理论推导表明,“多校划片”政策通过引入公共服务的不确定性,放松房产与基础教育间的强捆绑关系,可以在整体上降低平均房价,并在各学区内部达到缩小优质教育资源溢价的作用,但是市场原本对优质小学的青睐将转变为对“高均值、高确定性”学区的偏好。基于2018年5月至2020年12月北京市西城及周边城区的房产交易数据,文章利用双重差分和边界固定效应方法实证检验后发现,此政策使得西城区的平均房价下降1.36%,并对同学区内的基础教育质量差异有“削峰填谷”的作用,在一定程度上降低了享受优质基础教育的门槛并促进了基础教育的均等化。然而该政策也使得学区内小学声誉分布替代原本的对口小学声誉,这成为购房决策中的重要因素,并导致房产交易量在短期内出现先升后降的波动。研究结论为在公共教育资源分配中适当引入随机性以促进“机会均等化”提供了分析框架和实证依据,也从居民的公共服务偏好、市场交易量稳定性等视角对该类政策的适用范围和实施细节提出了建议。

In order to promote the balanced development of basic education in China,a new type of equalization measure based on"opportunity equalization"has emerged in recent years,but its policy effect has not been fully studied.Taking the"multi-school zoning"policy implemented in Xicheng District of Beijing in 2020 as an example,this paper theoretically derives and empirically estimates the policy effect of such equalization measures in basic education from the perspective of the capitalization effect reflecting market recognition.The theoretical derivation shows that,by introducing an uncertainty in allocating public services and relaxing the strong binding relationship between the real estate and public education,the"multischool zoning"policy reduces the overall housing price level and lowers the premium of the real estate around high-quality schools.However,the market's preference for high-quality elementary schools may shift to a preference for"high-mean,high-certainty"school districts.Based on the data of 107,690 real estate transactions in Xicheng District of Beijing and its four neighboring districts from May 2018 to December 2020,this paper uses DID and Boundary Fixed Effect methods to test the theoretical hypotheses one by one.The results show that,the policy reduces the average housing price in Xicheng District by 1.36%,which has a"peakshaving"effect on the capitalization premium of education in a school district,lowers the cost of enjoying high-quality public education,and promotes the equalization of basic education to a certain extent.However,the policy also makes the mean and difference in the reputation of elementary schools in school districts replace the reputation of individual elementary schools and become an important factor in the purchase decision.In addition,the policy also leads to significant fluctuations in the transaction volume of the real estate market.This paper has the following contributions:First,it expands the theoretical study of the capitalization effect of public services,and proves that measures to improve the fairness of opportunity by introducing randomness can produce the equalization effect of public services.Second,it examines a new type of equalization measure based on"opportunity equalization",which provides new evidence for evaluating the effectiveness of China's education equalization policy.Third,it provides policy enlightenment for the implementation of local public service equalization,and suggests that in the long run,it is necessary to give full play to the"value capture"function of relevant fiscal tools,which provides stable and sustainable revenue sources for local governments,and forms a virtuous circle between public service provision and local taxation.