哲学的实践:马克思《博士论文》时期的“批判”概念发微

The Practice of Philosophy Facing Politics:On the Concept of"Critique"during the Period of Marx's Doctoral Dissertation

在《博士论文》时期,作为以理论的形式出现的哲学的实践,马克思具体化的实践概念体现为批判这一概念。批判既有德国浪漫主义“反讽”概念主观的、能动的一面,也包含黑格尔哲学的客观性维度,是二者的综合。批判或哲学实践所依据的是由法哲学提供的伦理生活、国家生活的理念,批判或哲学的实践的对象是人类生活于其中的一定的历史世界。因此,马克思此时所说的批判或哲学的实践,是面向政治的。由此可见,当马克思首次使用实践概念时,实践就意味着以对现实世界原则的哲学认识为前提,以哲人为中介,与政治相关的自觉地创造未来世界的能动的活动。马克思成熟时期实践概念的一些基本规定性由此而得到了初步的显现。

During the period of his Doctoral Dissertation,Marx’s concrete concept of practice manifested itself in the form of critique as a philosophical practice.Critique encompassed both the subjective and dynamic aspects of German Romantic irony and the objective dimension of Hegelian philosophy,synthesizing the two.Critique,or philosophical practice,was rooted in the ideas of ethical life or national life as presented by right philosophy,and its object was a specific historical world in which human beings lived.Therefore,at this stage,Marx’s notion of critique or philosophical practice was oriented towards politics.It is evident that when Marx first introduced the concept of practice,it referred to a dynamic activity of consciously shaping the future world in relation to politics,with a philosophical understanding of the principles of the real world as a prerequisite and the wise person as an intermediary.This preliminary manifestation reveals the fundamental determinants of Marx’s mature practical concepts.