西安出土唐代墓葬壁画的分析研究

Study on mural painting of Tang tombs excavated in Xi’a

西安南郊发现了4座时代序列明显的唐代墓葬,分属初、盛、中、晚唐。墓葬中绘有精美壁画,是研究唐代不同历史时期墓葬壁画制作工艺和设色风格的珍贵实物资料。采用超景深显微分析、偏光显微分析(PLM)、拉曼光谱分析(RamanSpectra)、傅里叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、热裂解气相色谱-质谱联用(Py-GC-MS)等多种手段,分析确定4座唐墓壁画颜料层材质相似,红色为铁红或朱砂,黄色以土黄为主,黑色为炭黑,颜料层应为矿物颜料与动物胶混合而成。制作工艺具有时期特征,初唐壁画无泥质地仗,为白灰、颜料层2层工艺,白灰层采用石灰加砂的无机“三合土”配方作为打底层;中、盛、晚唐壁画为泥质地仗、白灰层、颜料层3层工艺,以麦草泥层为地仗层、石灰层为底色层。在晚唐壁画中发现了少见的钒铅矿作为黄色颜料,是继西安理工大西汉墓壁画、盛唐韩休墓壁画外又一应用实例,表明该材料使用时间至少延续至晚唐,为该颜料的应用历史研究提供了重要资料。本次分析研究也为壁画保护修复提供了科学依据。

There were 4 tombs of the Tang dynasty found in the southern suburb of Xi’an city,with an obvious time sequence from the early Tang to the late Tang.The mural paintings remained in the burial chamber were the precious materials for studying on technique and color style of paintings in different periods of the Tang.Stereomicroscope,polarized light microscope,Raman Spectroscopy,FTIR,XRD,SEM-EDS,and Py-GC-MS were utilized and the results showed the materials of their color layers are almost the same:the main colors were red,yellow and black,which were mostly iron red or cinnabar,goethite and carbon black respectively.Paintings might be drawn with the mixture of mineral materials and animal glue.However,the techniques developed along the time.The painting of the early Tang consists of two layers,ground layer and painting layer,without plaster.The ground layer was made of lime mixed with sands.On comparison,the paintings later consist of 3 layers,which were mud-fiber mixture plaster,lime ground layer and painting layer.Additionally,vanadinite,a kind of rare-use mineral was found on the mural painting of the late Tang,which once used in mural painting of tombs from the Western Han and Han Xiu of the Tang dynasty in Xi’an city.It is an important supplement of application history of vanadinite as an important pigment material.This study also provides scientific basis for the protection and restoration of ancient mural paintings.