制度矩范与个体情怀:作为文学空间的宋代词垣

Institutional Norms and Individual Feelings:Imperial Academy in Song Dynasty as a Literary Space

作为文学空间的宋代词垣并存着朝廷制度矩范与文士个体情怀两种语境。以此二者观照词臣生活中四个代表性的面相,即他们的应制之务、值宿吟咏、与词垣之吏的关系以及追仰前朝词臣的文化现象,颇能真切具体地探究词垣文学风貌的内涵。在制度矩范的笼罩下,词垣的应制撰作必须符合上层权力的政治意向;值宿吟咏倾向于规范性地表现侍从宫廷的清贵雅致;词臣与吏员的关系显示出制度的幽微之端对词臣才情的制约;追仰前朝词臣的口径表现为称述前贤黾勉仕位的功绩。在个体情怀的鼓促下,应制撰作能够超轶官场的守常氛围,彰显文章才士以文自赏、嗤哂卿相的风度;值宿吟咏能以村野之趣突破宫廷的审美品位;词臣与吏员的关系反映为扬显词臣个人形象的诗文著述对吏员角色修辞式的驱使运用;追仰前朝词臣的态度表现为称慕前贤退居闲适的诗作,以此慰抚一己之宦场失意的心绪。宋代词垣的文学空间存在着“制度-个性”并峙的态势,词臣侪辈逾越制度矩范彰显个体情怀的气概,应当成为文学研究中一幕值得关注的景观。

Imperial academy(词垣)is the general term for the offices of imperial edict drafters(词臣)since the Tang and Song dynasties,responsible for writing decrees of the court.As a literary space,the imperial academy in Song Dynasty had two coexisting contexts:the institutional norms of the court and the individual feelings of literati.On the one hand,writing articles on behalf of the emperor was the duty of imperial academy that must highlight the political stance of imperial power and the elegant aesthetic taste of the court.On the other hand,the experiences of each of drafters in imperial academy,as a spiritual individual carrying the culture of scholar-bureaucrat,were not limited in government offices.During their tenure as drafters,they sometimes infiltrated the personal feelings accumulated in their life experiences into the work and life of imperial academy,thus transcending the institution in certain articles and poems.Examining the four representative aspects of the life of imperial edict drafters with the above two contexts:their duty of writing decrees,the composition of night-shift poems,the relationship between drafters and clerks and the cultural phenomenon of admiring imperial edict drafters in the former dynasty,we can truly and concretely explore the connotation of literary style in imperial academy.Under the influence of institutional norms,the decree writings of imperial academy must conform to the intentions of the upper power,and the meaning of articles should not deviate from the norm,with no exception even for drafters of excellent literary talents.The compositions of night-shift poems tended to normatively express the nobility and elegance of palace officers while personal intentions of retirement could only be used as a stylized embellishment in poetry.The relationship between drafters and clerks showed the constraints of the subtle end of the institution on drafters.Clerks who served in the imperial academy for a long time,for life,or even for generations,often had a better understanding of the profound state of the world and people s hearts during the operation of institutions.They sometimes pointed out the inappropriateness in the acts of cultivating talents and the traces of literary highlights in the under-order works of drafters.The keynote of admiring drafters in the former dynasty was expressed in accordance with the imperial will as describing the achievements of the predecessors in their official positions,officially expressing their willingness to follow them.Under the encouragement of individual feelings,the decree writings could transcend the conservative atmosphere of the officialdom and outstanding literary talent could use their under-works to demonstrate their demeanor of praising oneself and mocking superiors with literature.The compositions of night-shift poems could break through the aesthetic taste of the palace with rustic charm,standing out from the elegant fashion in imperial academy.The relationship between drafters and clerks was reflected in poems and articles using the role of clerks as rhetorical devices to promote the image of drafters in order to emphasize drafters personal family backgrounds,literary talents and personal friendships with each other.The attitude of admiring drafters in the former dynasty was manifested by admiring their poems in retirement and their leisure demeanor so as to comfort drafters feelings of disappointment in the officialdom.The literary space of imperial academy in Song dynasty had a trend of“institution-individuality”coexistence,which can change previous stereotypes to the environment of under-order writings.The manner of surpassing the institutional norms and demonstrating individual feelings by the group of imperial edict drafters conforms to the standard position of literary emphasis on expressing emotions and spirits that should become a noteworthy landscape in researches.