国际海洋法法庭对气候变化国家义务的咨询意见:依据、效力与可能影响

The Advisory Opinion of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea on the Obligations of States with Respect to Climate Change:Legal Basis,Effectiveness,and Possible Impacts

申请国际海洋法法庭对应对气候变化的国家义务发表咨询意见,已经从理论探讨嬗变为司法实践。然而无论理论还是实践上,国际海洋法法庭全庭发表咨询意见的法律依据存在较大争议。各国的气候应对行为义务已有巴黎气候协定规制,而结果义务因国家自主贡献的多样性和自主性无法提出统一法律意见。即使法庭不顾反对坚持能动受理,发表咨询意见也难以对世界各国应对气候变化的现有特定义务产生重大影响。申请海洋法法庭对气候变化问题发表咨询意见可能带来的影响表现为溢出效应显著,有关国际组织和国家希冀籍此推动国家在后续进行的国际谈判中提升各自气候承诺的力度。

The application for an advisory opinion of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea on the Obligations of States with respect to climate change has been translated from theoretical discussion into judi⁃cial practice.The legal basis for the exercise of advisory jurisdiction by the full Tribunal is controversial.E⁃ven if the Tribunal was engaged in issuing an advisory opinion based on past judicial practice,it would hardly have a significant impact on the existing obligations of states around the world to address climate change issues.The behavioral obligations of responding to the climate change issues are already governed by the Paris Climate Agreement,while obligations of result cannot be the subject of a uniform legal opinion be⁃cause of the diversity of intended nationally determined contributions(INDCs).The indirect spillover effects of Small Island Developing States(SIDS)having the application for an advisory opinion on climate change from the ITLOS are significant,and this will provide an impetus for the state actors to increase the strength of their respective climate commitments in the international negotiations.