马克思对施蒂纳唯心主义自由观的批判与超越

Marx’s critique and transcendence of Stirner’s idealistic view of freedom

施蒂纳的自由观是建立在黑格尔唯心主义哲学立场之上的,他在寻求自由的抽象概念中,看到了现实生活中不可避免的对自由的限制,从而得出了所谓“自由悖论”即愈是追求自由的过程便愈是感受到限制的过程,并将解决方法归结为观念上的“独自性”。在政治思想上,其批判了政治自由主义和社会自由主义,其中夹杂着对共产主义的错误认识和极端利己主义的自由观点。马克思对施蒂纳自由观的批判是按照《唯一者及其所有物》成文顺序所进行的,几乎是逐字逐句的批判,在批判施蒂纳唯心主义哲学立场和抽象自由观的基础之上,提出了历史唯物主义的关于自由本质的看法和通向自由的道路。

Stirner’s view of freedom is based on the Hegelian idealist philosophical position.In his abstract concept of seeking freedom,he sees the inevitable restrictions on freedom in real life,and thus arrives at the so-called“paradox of freedom”,that is,the more one seeks freedom,the more one feels the restrictions.The solution to this paradox is the conceptualization of“solipsism”.In terms of political thought,he criticized political and social liberalism,which was mixed with a misconception of communism and an extreme egoistic view of freedom.Marx’s critique of Stirner’s view of freedom follows the order in which his works were written,almost verbatim,and is based on a critique of Stirner’s idealist philosophical position and abstract view of freedom,and presents a historical materialist view of the nature of freedom and the path to freedom.