糖尿病小鼠模型的常见种类及其构建要素分析

Analysis of Common Types and Construction Elements of Diabetic Mouse Models

糖尿病是一种以胰岛素绝对或相对缺乏导致高血糖为特征的疾病,其高发病率和并发症对患者生活产生极大的影响。动物模型被广泛运用于研究糖尿病及其并发症的发生机制及治疗方案。由于糖尿病类型的不同,其发病机制和发病特征也不同,导致治疗方案不同。动物实验除了考虑动物的遗传因素与生理特征(性别、年龄)外,还需要考虑实验方案及各种应对方案,这些因素对实验数据、实验结果的可重复性和稳定性有着重要影响。因此,糖尿病研究需要选择合适的动物模型进行实验:1型糖尿病以胰岛素绝对缺乏为特征,现有的1型糖尿病小鼠模型包括化学(STZ诱导)诱导型和自发性糖尿病模型(NOD小鼠)等;2型糖尿病以胰岛素抵抗和葡萄糖耐量受损为主,现有的2型糖尿病动物模型包括高脂饮食诱导型、自发性(包括单基因肥胖小鼠和多基因肥胖小鼠)模型和遗传修饰小鼠模型。本综述主要总结了糖尿病小鼠模型的常见种类和构建要素,以及选用时需考虑的关键因素,并探讨了这些因素对糖尿病研究的影响,以期为相关研究提供参考。

Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by absolute or relative lack of insulin,which leads to hyperglycemia,and its high mobidity and complications have a great impact on the lives of patients.Animal models are widely used to study the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes and its complications.Different types of diabetes,with different pathogenesis and pathognomonic features,have different treatment options.In animal experimental,in addition to considering the genetic factors and physiological characteristics of the animal(such as sex and age),it is also necessary to consider the experimental protocol and various response options,which have a great impact on the experimental data,the reproducibility and stability of the experimental results.Therefore,it is necessary to select suitable animal models for experiments in the study of diabetes.Type 1 diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency,and existing mouse models of type 1 diabetes include chemically(STZ-induced)induced and spontaneous diabetes model(NOD mice),etc.Type 2 diabetes,characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance,is established in both obese and non-obese animal models,including diet-induced(high-fat diet induced),spontaneous diabetes(including monogenic and polygenic obese mice)models,and genetically modified mouse models.In this review,we discussed the common types of diabetic mouse models and analyzed the elements of their construction,the key factors that should be considered in the selection of diabetic mouse models,and explore the impact of these factors on the research of diabetes.