论清高宗对“汉人习气”的贬斥

Research on the Qing's Emperor Qianlong's Denouncing"Han's Bad Habits"

清代诸帝大都不同程度地要求王公贵族避免沾染“汉人习气”,其中以清高宗弘历为甚。弘历眼中的“汉人习气”指向非常模糊。满族王公贵族对汉族传统文化的仰慕和效仿,均被视为“汉人习气”。弘历甚至将当时已经出现的八旗游惰现象也归因于“汉人习气”的浸染。弘历曾多次以浸染“汉人习气”为由训斥王公贵族。这种贬斥反映了弘历对汉族的戒备,并以此来控制王公贵族。仁宗颙琰、宣宗旻宁也曾斥责沾染“汉人习气”的王公贵族,但是力度和频度都远远不及弘历。随着清朝国势日渐衰落,晚清诸帝对“汉人习气”的贬斥也就销声匿迹了。

Most emperors of the Qing dynasty,especially Emperor Qianlong,ordered court ministers away from"Han's bad habits",but the bad habits cannot be defined clearly.Qianlong regarded admiring Han's culture wrong.He even attributed the degeneration of Manchu nobility to infection of"Han's bad habits".He often blamed the court ministers who had been infected.Emperor Jiaqing and Emperor Daoguang followed Qianlong,but their reactions were much weaker.Since the imperial power became weaker,almost no later emperors blamed"Han's bad habits".