国外学制的历史演进、基本特征及未来展望

The Historical Evolution,Basic Characteristics,and Development Trends of School Systems in the Global Context

作为教育制度的主体和基础组成部分,学制是整个学校教育体系的框架和基石。以学制结构样态的演变为基本依据,可将国外学制的发展脉络划分为三个阶段:16世纪到19世纪末为双轨型学制的“一家独大”,20世纪初到20世纪末为双轨型、单轨型、分支型学制“鼎足而立”时期,21世纪至今则呈现出特色化学制“百花齐放”的特征。经过长期的历史发展,国外学制沉淀和表征出一些共有特质:在平等性公平的基础之上寻求差异性公平的学制愿景,兼顾统一和开放性的学制结构,关注学段之间的连续与衔接的学制实施方式。随着时代的推进,国外学制发展亦呈现出一些新的变化趋势,具体表现为:各国政府结合本国国情,差异化延长义务教育年限;“不让一个孩子掉队”,构建全纳化学制发展图景;以普职融通促教育公平,探索一体化学制发展方案;构建服务全民的终身教育体系,推进终身化学制发展路向。

As the main body and fundamental component of an education system,the school system is the framework and cornerstone of the whole school education systems.Based on the evolution of the structure of the school system,the development of foreign school systems can be divided into three stages:the monopoly of dual track school system from the 16th century to the end of the 19th century;the“tripod”of dual track,single track,and multi branch school systems from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of the 20th century;the diversification of characterized school systems from the 21st century to the present.After a long period of development,foreign school systems have accumulated and exhibited some common characteristics:a vision of a school system seeking equity based on equality,a unified and open school system structure,and an implementation approach that focuses on continuity and linkage between educational stages.As time advances,foreign school systems have shown some new trends,including the extension of compulsory education period based on respective national conditions,the construction of inclusive school systems to ensure no child is left behind,the integration of general and vocational education in the school system to promote educational equity,and the establishment of a lifelong education system to serve the entire population,advancing towards a lifelong learning-oriented school system.