墨荀韩人性论的历史与逻辑及其政治建构

The History,Logic and Political Construction of Mozi,Xunzi and Han Fei’s Theory of Human Nature

从墨子到荀子、韩非,虽然思想流派不同,但其人性思想有着一条渐次演变的历史与逻辑。《墨子》在“所染”中认为,人性如素丝,无善无恶,但受到后天环境影响。进而指出,“利之中取大,害之中取小”的趋利避害是人性本质特征,因而,合乎逻辑地提出“兼相爱,交相利”的伦理观作为墨子思想的核心观念。墨子的其他思想学说皆围绕着“兼爱”而产生,形成墨子的思想体系和社会政治学说。荀子提出“人性恶”的自然人性论,趋利避害是合乎逻辑的道德行为,通过“化性起伪”,用礼义法度来引导改造自然人性。由此,荀子提出隆礼重法的思想,力图建立一个符合礼法的有秩序社会。韩非子从自然人性论上认为“人性恶”,但与荀子通过隆礼重法来教化治理民众不同,韩非子并不主张对人进行道德教化,而是主张利用人性恶,趋利避害的利己自私的行为而推衍出其法治思想,力图建立一个富国强兵的中央集权国家。

Although there are different schools of thought from Mozi to Xunzi and Han Fei,their hu⁃man nature thoughts have a gradually evolving history and logic.In the book“Infected”,Mozi believes that human nature is like silk,with no good or evil,but is influenced by the acquired environment.Furthermore,it is pointed out that the pursuit of benefits and avoidance of harm through the pursuit of greater benefits and lesser harms are essential characteristics of human nature.Therefore,it is logical to propose the ethical concept of“mutual love and mutual benefit”as the core concept of Mozi’s thought.Other ideological theo⁃ries of Mozi revolved around“universal love”,forming Mozi’s ideological system and social and political theory.Xunzi proposed the natural human nature theory of“human nature is evil”,and pursuing benefits and avoiding harm is a logical moral behavior.By“transforming nature into falsehood”and using etiquette,righteousness,and law to guide the transformation of natural human nature,Xunzi proposed the idea of pro⁃moting etiquette and valuing law,striving to establish an orderly society that conforms to etiquette and law.Han Feizi believed that“human nature is evil”from the perspective of natural human nature,but unlike Xunzi who cultivated and governed the people through the use of etiquette and law,Han Feizi did not advo⁃cate for moral education of people,but instead advocated the use of selfish and self-interested behavior of human nature evil to derive his rule of law ideology,striving to establish a centralized state with a prosper⁃ous country and strong soldiers.