文本与解释:明治宪法研究刍议

Text and Interpretation:Research on the Meiji Constitution

就文本解释来说,文本自身、文本的效果及影响等共同构成解释者的认识对象,解释者难以完全知晓文本的原意。宪法文本同样如此,尤其如明治宪法条文简单,解释时有必要借助条文外因素。明治维新后,一君万民成为日本施政的思想认知基础(根本性政治基础),天皇亲政与“公议”原则被导入明治宪法并逐渐制度化。明治宪法采取天皇主权下的职能性分权,议会参与立法却非立法权主体,预算的非法律性也限制了议会的预算权,但宪法第六十七条为政府与议会的妥协提供了可能。在宪法运行中,元老、内阁统一,统帅权独立等政治惯例补足了宪法条文与实际政治间的乖离,促使宪法解释和政治实态的阶段性变化。研究明治宪法,不能囿于文本,还应考察其产生的语境、政治家行动、法律法规、宪法解释及社会舆论等要素。

In terms of text interpretation,the text itself,the effect and impact of the text,etc.together constitute the object of the interpreter's understanding,and it is difficult for the interpreter to fully know the original meaning of the text.The same is true of constitutional texts.Particularly,articles of the Meiji Constitution are simple.It is necessary to rely on extra-textual factors when interpreting them.After Meiji restoration,one-sovereign and all people became the fundamental political foundation of Japan.The Mikado's governance and the principle of“public discussion”were introduced into the Meiji Constitution and gradually institutionalized.The parliament participated in legislation but was not the main body of legislative power.The non-legal nature of the budget also limited the budget power of the parliament,but Article 67 of the constitution provided the possibility of compromise between the government and the parliament.The Meiji Constitution adopted the functional separation of power under the Mikado's sovereignty,but Article 67 of the constitution provided a possibility for the compromise between the government and parliament.During the process of implementing the constitution,political conventions of senior statesman,cabinet unification,and imperia's independence could supplement the deviation between constitution articles and practical politics,driving the staged changes between the constitutional interpretation and political state.While studying the Meiji Constitution,we should not be limited to the text,but should examine the context,the actions of politicians,laws and regulations,constitutional interpretation,and public opinion.