从认知语法看现代汉语语法根本特征

On the fundamental characteristics of Modern Chinese Grammar from the perspective of Cognitive Grammar

语言符号的根本特征限制其表义能力,问题解决需综合多种认知资源。语言演化的社会环境制约社会认知,影响互动和言语处理策略选择,进而形成编码模式偏好,塑造语言个性。语言相对独立发展的社会,交际偏好听话者经济原则,追求命题完整清晰表征,注重编码区分语义角色,形成语法型(宾格、作格)和语义型(主动型)语言;语言高度接触融合的社会,交际偏好说话者经济原则,更注重激发听话人语用推理,其极端情况形成汉语这类语用型语言。汉语所谓SVO结构是话题说明结构,语序编码语用角色,语义角色靠在线推理理解,不强调命题结构完整清晰表征,命题认知上不凸显。这使汉语语法范畴化形成极简风格:语法知识网络核心节点少于语法型语言,语法范畴也较少。

Due to different preferences of encoding modes,natural languages can be di-vided into three basic types:grammatical coding languages,which encode semantic roles in-directly with morphology,prosody,and syntactic position;semantic coding languages,which encode semantic roles directly with morphology;pragmatic coding languages,like modern Chinese,which use the primary grammatical device,i.e.,word order,to encode pragmatic roles only,in which the semantic roles can only be understood through on-line pragmatic inference.The so-lcalled SVO structures in modern Chinese are topic-lcomment constructions actually,and propositions are not prominent.This makes categorization in modern Chinese grammar a minimalist style.