古建筑、壁画及土遗址中常见害虫防治研究的现状与展望

Control of common insect pests in ancient buildings,murals and earthen sites:Research status and prospects

不可移动文物是反映过去社会生产力发展和社会生活状况的重要实物资料,具有极高的历史、艺术及科学价值,是文物研究的重要对象。长期处于室外环境使不可移动文物遭受各种劣化,由虫害引起的生物劣化是文物损坏的重要原因之一。其中,古建筑、壁画及土遗址3类不可移动文物受虫害影响尤为严重。本文根据文物种类划分阐述了古建筑、壁画及土遗址中主要虫害类型及机理,对当前的文物虫害防治方法进行归纳总结。传统的文物虫害防治以物理、化学治理方法为主。化学方法是较为快速有效的除虫方法,但化学药剂给生态环境带来了较大的污染,且文物自身的脆弱性使化学杀虫剂应用受到限制。当前,多种具有长效性和环境友好性的绿色杀虫剂对传统化学方法进行了极大的改进。此外,利用生物天敌或寄生生物控制害虫的生物防治法不仅对生态系统影响较小,且具有较长持效性,是新型害虫防治研究的热点,但用于防治的生物种类是否会对文物造成危害还有待进一步的研究。文物虫害防治作为一个交叉研究领域,建筑、农业等领域的虫害防治方法对其有较大启发意义和参考价值。最后,本文针对不可移动文物常见害虫的防治研究现状进行讨论和展望,期望为文物害虫防治研究提供参考。

Unmovable cultural relics are important physical materials that reflect the development of social productivity and social life in the past.They are important research objects for cultural relics,with extremely high historical,artistic and scientific values.Unmovable cultural relics suffer from various deterioration effects for being outdoors.Biodeterioration caused by pests is one of the important reasons for cultural relics damage.Among unmovable cultural relics,ancient buildings,murals and earthen sites are particularly affected by insect pests.According to the classification of cultural relics,we expounded on the main types and mechanisms of insect pests in ancient buildings,murals and earthen sites,and summarized the current methods of pest control in these cultural relics in this article.Physical and chemical control methods are traditionally used to prevent and control pests in cultural relics.The chemical methods are rapid and highly effective ways to kill insects,but chemical agents have brought great pollution to the ecological environment,and the vulnerability of cultural relics restricts the use of chemical insecticides.At present,many long-acting and environment-friendly green insecticides have greatly improved traditional chemical methods.In addition,biological control methods that use biological natural enemies or parasitic organisms to control pests not only have small impacts on the ecosystem but also have a long-lasting effect,which is a hotspot in research on new pest control.However,whether the new species used to control the pests will do harm to cultural relics needs to be further studied.Pest control of cultural relics is a cross-research field,and the methods in architecture,agriculture and other fields have great enlightening significance and reference value.Finally,we discussed and prospected the current situation of common pest control research of unmovable cultural relics,hoping to provide a reference for the research of pest control in cultural relics.