清朝对哈萨克诸部认知中的内“知识断裂”——以“北哈萨克”概念为中心

The "Knowledge Fracture" in the Qing Dynasty's Cognition of Kazak Tribes:Centered around the Concept of "North Kazak"

“北哈萨克”从满文公文中最初指代中玉兹,到《西域图志》中指代小玉兹即西部哈萨克,逐渐发展到《海国图志》中指代“左、右、西”三部之外的另一政治单元,何秋涛等人虽回到《西域图志》所指,但也脱离了乾隆时此词对小玉兹的指代意义。其间,甚至出现嘉庆《大清一统志》指称右部的严重错误和《朔方备乘》中的全新地图标注,但都没能辨明来龙去脉。在跨越不同群体、语言环境的过程中,“北哈萨克”指称陷入混乱,这导致满文档案、官私汉文著述出现“知识断裂”的现象。考察清朝对哈萨克认知的变化规律,能够更好地揭示清朝边疆观的变迁及其长远影响。

"North Kazak"first referred to Middle juz in Manchu official documents,then to Junior juz which is Western Kazak in the Xi Yu Tu Zhi,and gradually developed into another political unit outside the three parts of"Left,Right,and West"in the Hai Guo Tu Zhi.Although He Qiutao and others returned to the reference in Xi Yu Tu Zhi,they also separated from the meaning of the word to Junior juz in the Qianlong era.During this period,there were even serious errors in Jiaqing's Yi Tong Zhi referring to the right part,as well as brand new map annotations in Shuo Fang Bei Cheng,but they were unable to distinguish the origin and background.In the process of crossing different groups and language environments,the reference to"North Kazak"fall into confusion,which has led to"knowledge fracture"in Manchu archives,official and private writings regarding the reference to"North Kazak"Examining the changing patterns of the Qing Dynasty's understanding of Kazak,can better reveal the changes of the Qing Dynasty's border perspective and it's long-term impacts.