论权利行使与网络公共言论的出罪

The Exertion of Rights and the Decriminalization of Online Public Speech

针对明星等名人的网络言论暴力案件层出不穷,但司法实践和刑法理论对此类行为的入罪采取审慎态度。究其原因,其认为公众人物的人格权应让位于公共言论自由。然而,法益衡量路径价值判断标准单一,难以独立作为阻却违法性的实质根据,“媒介近用”等论证理由在Web 3.0的环境下也无法维持。网络公共言论阻却违法性的实质根据是权利行使,需回归公民直接参与和间接参与公共事项决策的政治属性本身,并引入比例原则对行为方式禁止权利滥用。在内容限制上,公共争议拓宽了公共利益的范围,但公众兴趣、公众道德并不包含在内;在对象限制上,与政治属性相关联的公共利益才是划定公众人物类型的核心标准,“名人”并不等于“公众人物”;在手段限制上,目的行为的正当性并不意味着信息获取手段行为的正当性。

Though more and more cases of cyber-violence against celebrities have been emerging,judicial practice and criminal law theory take a cautious attitude towards the criminalization of such behaviors,because they hold the view that the personality rights of public figures should give way to the freedom of speech.However,the value judgment standard of legal interest consideration is single,which cannot become substantial basis for the elimination causes independently.Furthermore,reasons such as the access to the media are not persuasive enough under the circumstance of Web 3.0.The substantial basis for the illegality of online public speech is the exertion of rights,which should go back to the political attributes of citizens'direct participation and indirect participation in decision-making on public matters,restricted by the principle of proportionality.As for the limitation of content,though public controversy broadens the scope of public interests,public interests and public morals are not included.As for the limit of subject,“celebrities”does not equal to“public figures”,because public interests related to political attributes are the core standard of classifying public figures.As for the limit of means,the legitimacy of the purpose act does not mean that of the means of information acquisition.