高等教育性别差异逆转:驱动因素与典型表征——来自宏观层面和微观层面的经验证据

Explanations on the Reversal of College Gender Gap in China:Factors and Characteristics——Empirical Evidence from Macro and Micro Levels

我国高等教育性别差异逆转的原因,在于外部环境和内在激励双重因素的共同驱动。从外部环境来看,改革开放以来,伴随着经济社会的快速发展,两性平权和性别平等化进程取得重大进展。在这一过程中,家庭经济状况和预算约束不断改善,高校扩招和计划生育政策的实施使得家庭教育决策中性别歧视机会减少,这些因素都为高等教育性别差异逆转创造了前提条件。从内在激励因素来看,高等教育性别差异逆转缘于女性接受高等教育的教育回报率以及婚姻回报率更高,高学历女性的健康状况普遍更好,同时女性在学业成绩的性别竞赛中居于领先优势。外部两性平权环境的改善以及性别平等化的推进,为女性获得高等教育提供了前提,而内在的高收益—高竞争力性别优势,则激励和推高了女性接受高等教育的意愿。概言之,无论是男性还是女性都应被给予公平的发展机会,推动教育及经济社会发展的各领域都向着均衡和平等的方向发展。

The reason for the reversal of gender differences in higher education in China lies in the joint drive of external environment and internal incentives.From the perspective of external environmental factors,with the rapid development of the economy and society since the reform and opening up,significant progress has been made in the process of gender equality and gender equality.In this process,the family’s economic situation and budget constraints continue to improve,and the expansion of university enrollment and the implementation of family planning policies have reduced opportunities for gender discrimination in family education decision-making.These factors have created prerequisites for the reversal of gender differences in higher education.From the perspective of intrinsic motivational factors,the reversal of gender differences in higher education is due to higher educational and marital returns for women receiving higher education,generally better health conditions for highly educated women,and a leading advantage for women in gender competitions in academic performance.The improvement of the external gender equality environment and the promotion of gender equality provide a prerequisite for women’s access to and enhancement of higher education opportunities,while the inherent high income and high competitiveness of gender advantages motivate and promote women’s willingness to accept higher education.Both men and women should be given fair opportunities for development,promoting balanced and equal development in all fields of education and economic and social development.