教育的世俗化转向:洛克“白板说”的教育意蕴及当代审思

Secularization of Education:Locke's Theory of"Tabula Rasa"and Its Reflection

西方现代教育肇始于神圣性向世俗化的转向,洛克的“白板说”是这一过程中的关键一环。“白板说”力图张扬一种世俗化的实践原则,其以人类“趋乐避苦”的倾向为起点,以追求可衡量的、安稳的世俗幸福为目的。在这一理念的指导下,洛克的道德教育不再引导人们朝向一种道德完善的至善目的,而是旨在帮助人们获取一种实用的道德法则,使其能够正确地追求自我利益与荣誉、进而促进生活的便利。因此,洛克的教育学背离了“古典目的论”,后者认为,教育的目的或责任是实现人类形式中所隐含的高贵与完美。“白板说”一方面为现代教育摆脱宗教狂热,走向启蒙理性奠定了基础,但是另一方面,如何在一个世俗世界重新敞开人类道德的超越性纬度,也是洛克乃至当今教育始终需要回应的一个疑难。

Locke's theory of"tabula rasa"is a key link in thc process of Western modern cducation from holincss to sccularity.This theory attcmpts to advocatc a kind of practicc principle,which starts from the human inclination of"desire of happiness and avcrsion to miscry"and aims at pursuing mcasura-ble and stable sccular happiness.Under the conduct of this idca,Lockc's moral cducation no longcr guides pcoplc towards the"summum bonum",but only hclps pcople to obtain thc moral principles that can cor-rcctly pursuc honor and sclf-intercst,thercby improving thc convcnicnces of lifc.Thcrcforc,Locke's pcdagogy deviates from the"tclcology"which believes that thc purpose or duty of cducation is to achieve the perfection implicit in human form.On thc onc hand,thc thcory of"tabula rasa"has laid the founda-tion for modcrn cducation to gct rid of cnthusiasm and movc towards cnlightcnment,Howevcr,how to rcopen the transccndental latitudc of human morality in a scular world is also a difficult problem that Lockc and cven today's cducation always nccds to respond to.