地理禀赋与国家发展:政治地理学的脉络、发展与新趋势

Geographical Endowments and National Development:the Lineage of Political Geography

地理空间是人类活动的载体,地理禀赋能够对国家发展带来复杂而深远的影响。地理空间与国家发展的政治地理学理论演进可以分为三代。第一代的先驱者们开创了许多经典的范式,讨论了气候和陆海权等诸多地理因素如何影响国家发展。第二代理论出现在冷战结束后,学者们开始探讨气候、资源、交通、距离、形状和规模这些具体的地理要素通过农业生产、防御成本、对外贸易、资本积累、扩散效应等直接渠道影响国家发展。第三代理论出现在世纪之交,研究者们发现了更多复杂的非线性机制:地理禀赋通过对外贸易、产权制度、政府质量、人力资本和国内冲突等中介变量,以间接渠道影响国家发展。未来的研究可以通过考察更为复杂的多重系统效应,分析机制的时空情境与演化过程,以及运用空间计量模型来进一步推动政治地理学的发展。

Geographic space is the vehicle of human activity,and geographic endowments have a complex and far-reaching impact on national development.The evolution of political geography theories of geospatial and national development has gone through three generations.The pioneers of the first generation established many classical paradigms,discussing how various geographical factors such as climate,land power,sea power,and other factors influenced national development.After the end of the Cold War,with the second-generation theories,scholars of this period explored how the geographic factors of climate,resources,transportation,distance,shape,and size contributed to national development through such direct channels as agricultural production,defense costs,foreign trade,capital accumulation,and diffusion effects.Emerging at the turn of the century,the third-generation theoreticians discovered more complex non-linear mechanisms:geographical endowments indirectly affect national development through intermediary variables such as foreign trade,property rights regimes,government quality,human capital,and domestic conflicts.Future research can advance political geography by examining complex multiple system effects,analyzing spatial and temporal contexts and evolutionary patterns,and applying spatial measurement models.