毛泽东“半益农”概念考论

A Text Research on the Concept of Mao Zedong’s Semi-Beneficial Peasants

毛泽东在中国革命早期对中国农民阶级的分析中使用了“半益农”概念。“半益农”既不是“半贫农”之误,也不是一个特指湖南衡山等地农民成分划分的地域性概念,而是当时较为通用的一个概念。在二十世纪二三十年代,“半益农”是一个被社会各界广泛使用的概念,陈独秀和毛泽东都使用过。从《中国社会各阶级的分析》的早期版本来看,“半益农”是倍受毛泽东重视且具有特定内涵的概念,不是因为“贫”与“益”字形相似而造成的“半贫农”排版之误。“半益农”源于日语“分益农”的猜测尚待考证。“半益农”概念的历史变迁,是考察早期中国共产党人把马克思主义的农民阶级分析方法和话语同中国农民问题具体实际相结合、同中国传统农民分析话语相结合的一个重要窗口。

Mao Zedong used the concept of “semi-beneficial peasants” in his early analysis of China's peasant class.“Semi-beneficial peasants” is not the mistake of “semi-poor peasants”,nor is it a regional concept that specifically refers to the composition division of farmers in Hengshan and other places in Hunan,but a more common concept at that time.In the 1920s and 1930s,“semi-beneficial peasants” was a concept widely used by all sectors of society,both Chen Duxiu and Mao Zedong once used them.Seen from the early version of An Analysis of Various Classes in Chinese Society,“semi-beneficial peasants” is a concept that has been attached great importance to by Mao Zedong and it has specific connotations,rather than a typographical error of “semi-poor peasants” caused by the similar character patterns of “贫” and “益”.The speculation that “semi-beneficial peasants” is derived from the Japanese word “益農を分ける(Sharecropper)” is yet to be proven.The change of the concept of “semi-beneficial peasants” is an important window through which to investigate the earlier Chinese Communists' combination of Marxist analysis methods and discourse of the peasant class with the specific reality of Chinese peasants' problems,and with Chinese traditional analysis discourse of peasants.