汉、英双及物构式形义演变的一致性与差异性

Commonality and Individuality on the Morphological and Semantic Evolution of Chinese and English Ditransitive Constructions

文章基于大规模真实语料,从语序、入句动词以及子构式的能产性和图式性入手,细致考察了汉英双及物构式的历时演变特点,得出如下结论:从古至今,二者的优势语序皆为SVO_(i)O_(d),但是,汉语是“少对多”兴替式的语序选择,而英语是构式成分重新排列组合的语序创新。入句二者的动词均经历了数量递增、语义类型扩展、语义内涵愈加抽象的演变,但比较来看,汉语入句动词的语义类型多于英语。汉英双及物构式都发生了构式化,但是,前者的主要演变机制是类推而后者是概念隐喻;诱发二者发生构式化的主要动因也存在差异:汉语是“双音化”而英语是“屈折标记的消亡”和“基本语序由SOV到SVO的演变”。

Based on large-scale real corpuses,this paper comprehensively investigated the diachronic characteristics of the ditransitive constructions in Chinese and English from the word order,the semantic type of the in-sentence verbs and the productivity and schematicity of ditransitive constructions' three subclasses.It concluded as the following:from ancient times to the present,SVOiOd has always been the dominant word order of both Chinese and English ditransitive constructions,but the former adopts a word order choice of “substituting more with less”,while the latter relies on a word order innovation of “rearrangement and combination of structural components”.With regard to in-sentence verbs,although the verbs of the both languages have undergone an increase in number,the expansion of semantic types,and the more abstract semantic connotations.In comparison,the semantic types of Chinese in-sentence verbs are more than those in English.Both Chinese and English ditransitive constructions have undergone constructionalization,but the main evolution mechanism of the ditransitive constructions in Chinese is analogy but that in English is conceptual metaphor;As far as evolution motivation is concerned,the main evolution motivation of ditransitive constructions in Chinese is “bisyllablization”,but that in English is either “the transformation of the basic word order from ‘SOV' to ‘SVO'” or “the demise of the inflectional marking system”.