“风俗”何以入“地理”--从早期地理著作的“风”叙述看中国古代地理观念的变迁

How“Customs”Enters“Geography”--Viewing the Changes in Ancient Chinese Geographical Concepts from the Narrative“Customs”in Early Geographical Works

《吕氏春秋·有始览》首次将“风”纳入地理叙述,反映了战国中晚期在大一统趋势不断凸显、地域板块不断融合的背景下,区域性“风俗”成为地理的重要观照内容。秦汉一统,王朝疆域内包含了诸多地理环境相异的区域,掌览区域“风俗”成为维系帝国统治的重要手段。《史记·货殖列传》以先秦列国旧疆区域记录全国风俗,没能与实际政区相吻合,地理观念仍处在内容上的扩充和体系上的整合阶段,《汉书·地理志》在继承前者基础上,辑刘向《域分》和朱赣《风俗》,并参以行政区划记述区域风俗,形成以政区为纲、以“风俗”描述“区域”的地理认知体系。

“Lüshi Chunqiu·Youshilan”included“customs”into the geographical narrative for the first time,reflecting that in the middle and late Warring States period,under the background of the unification trend and the continuous integration of regional sections,regional“customs”became an important consideration of geography.During the unification of the Qin and Han Dynasties,the territory of the dynasty included many regions with different geographical environments,and mastering regional“customs”became an important means to maintain the rule of the empire.“Historical Records·Huozhi Biography”recorded national customs in the old frontier regions of the pre-Qin countries,which failed to match the actual political regions.Geographical concepts are still in the stage of content expansion and system integration.“Hanshu·Geography”is inheriting On the basis of the former,Liu Xiang’s“Yufen”and Zhu Gan’s“Customs”were compiled,and administrative divisions were used to describe regional customs,forming a geographical cognition system that took political districts as the outline and described“regions”with“customs”.