汉语形容词中的日语借词

Japanese Loanwords in Chinese Adjectives

近代中国出现的新词,不仅有名词为主的术语,也包括形容词等谓词类的非术语词。本文聚焦近代新词中的形容词,从词汇交流的角度对其中的日语借词进行系统考察。调查发现汉语形容词中近代新词超过1000个,其中词形词义均由日本创制的有136个。通过对形容词类常用日语借词的考察,发现它们在江户晚期至明治时期的漫长岁月中逐渐形成,于1900年前后被集中引进汉语并迅速普及。与术语不同,它们大都表示既有概念,用例广泛分布于各类题材的文本。它们在词义上多表示“性质”,体现了近代对事物描述精细化的要求;词的构造上属于“联合式”或“偏正式”,与中国本土形容词的结构一致;语音上部分词不符合“调序优化”原则,显示出外来词的特殊性。

The neologisms born in modern China not only include noun-based terms,but also non-terminological terms such as adjectives.This paper focuses on the adjectives in modern neologisms and makes a systematic investigation of Japanese loanwords from the perspective of vocabulary exchange between China and Japan.Through the investigation of various documents including databases,it is found that there are more than 1,000 words that appeared in modern times,in which 136 words came from Japan in form and meaning.In the investigation of commonly used Japanese loanwords,it is found that these words gradually formed in the long years from the late Edo period to the Meiji period,and were introduced to Chinese around A.D.1900 and soon became popular.Unlike terminology,most of these Japanese loanwords represent existing concepts,and are widely used in texts of various themes.In meaning,they mostly express"nature",which reflects the requirement for the refinement of the description of things in modern times.In lexical structure,they belong to"coordinate"or"modifier-head",which is the same in the case of local adjectives.In pronunciation,some of them do not conform to the principle of order optimization,showing the particularity of loanwords.