数据确权的中国方案:要素市场语境下分类分级产权制度研究

The Chinese Plan for Data Rights Confirmation:A Study on the Classified and Graded Property Rights System in the Context of Factor Markets

分类分级的数据产权制度是数据确权的中国方案,其中不仅包含中国对于数据产权制度的价值判断,即数据产权有利于数据流通利用、利益公平分配、数据安全保障,同时也蕴含了类型化法律思维。在对数据产权路径的分析中可以得出,行为赋权与人格权赋权难以实现数据的积极利用,财产权路径下将数据归属于企业的做法既为数据安全保护带来挑战,也无法体现数据利益的公平分配。只有在多元产权模式下以差异性制度安排对数据产权进行设计,才能兼顾数据确权需考虑的多重因素。分类分级数据产权是对数据产权进行类型化解析,建立结构性分置制度。在人格与财产二分的基础上,以主体为标准划分个人、企业、公共数据,依风险对个人数据进行分级,除部分数据构成知识产权外,其他数据通过“所有权+用益权”的数据权利结构,赋予处置、收益的积极权利以及排除妨害的消极权利等财产权。

The classification and grading data property rights system is a Chinese solution for data rights confirmation,which not only includes China's value judgment of the data property rights system,that is,data property rights are conducive to data circulation and utilization,fair distribution of interests,and data security protection,but also contains typological legal thinking.In the analysis of the data property rights path,it can be concluded that the empowerment of behavior and personality rights is difficult to achieve active utilization of data.The practice of attributing data to enterprises under the property rights path not only poses challenges to data security protection,but also fails to reflect the fair distribution of data benefits.Only by designing data property rights through differential institutional arrangements under a diversified property rights model can we take into account the multiple factors that need to be considered in data rights confirmation.Classification and classification of data property rights refers to the classification and analysis of data property rights,and the establishment of a structural separation system.On the basis of the dichotomy of personality and property,personal,corporate,and public data are divided based on the subject as the standard,and personal data is classified according to risk.Except that some data constitute intellectual property rights,other data are endowed with positive rights of disposal and income and negative property rights of eliminating nuisance through the data right structure of Ownership+Usufruct.