玉米新品种对3种主要病害的抗性鉴定与评价

Resistance Identification and Evaluation of New Corn Varieties to Three Main Diseases

黄淮海地区是我国玉米主产区,镰孢茎腐病、镰孢穗腐病和小斑病是该区玉米生产上的3种重要病害,也是品种审定工作中实行“一票否决”的关键病害.为了明确玉米新品种对3种主要病害的抗性水平,为新品种审定、推广、引种及抗病育种工作提供依据,作者于2021—2022年鉴定并评价了参加河南省玉米区域试验和引种试验的405份玉米新品种对3种主要玉米重要病害的抗性.结果表明,对于玉米镰孢茎腐病,在2021年抗性鉴定试验202份品种中,高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感类型品种分别占比为31.68%、9.90%、42.57%、6.44%和9.41%;2022年参试的203份品种中,5种抗性类型品种分别占比为60.10%、9.36%、15.76%、9.85%和4.93%,两年均以高抗和中抗类型为主.对于镰孢穗腐病,在2021年试验中高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感类型品种分别占比为4.95%、66.83%、22.28%、4.95%和0.99%;而在2022年试验中,5种抗性类型品种分别占比为0、86.70%、11.82%、0.99%和0.49%,抗病类型两年均居主导地位.对于玉米小斑病,在2021年抗性鉴定试验中,高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感类型品种分别占比为28.22%、30.69%、26.73%、14.36%和0,而在2022年试验中,5种抗性类型占比0.49%、51.23%、28.57%、18.23%和1.48%,两年均以抗病类型居多.总之,两年河南省参加区域试验和引种试验的玉米新品种中,对黄淮海地区3种主要病害抗性类型(包括高抗、抗病和中抗)的品种所占比例较高,反映出玉米育种单位对3种关键病害抗病育种工作比较重视,为生产上利用抗病品种防治玉米主要病害提供了重要支撑.

Huang-Huai-Hai area is one of the main corn producing areas in China.Maize stalk rot,maize ear rot and corn southern leaf blight are three important diseases in corn production in this region,and they are also the key diseases to implement“one vote rejection”in variety certification.In order to determine the resistance level of new maize varieties to the three main diseases and provide a basis for the examination,promotion,introduction and disease resistance breeding of new corn varieties,the authors identified and evaluated the resistance level of 405 new maize varieties to three important corn diseases during the corn variety regional trial and introduction trial in Henan Province from 2021 to 2022.The results show that for maize stalk rot,the proportion of varieties with high resistance(HR),resistance(R),moderate resistance(MR),susceptibility(S)and high susceptibility(HS)are 31.68%,9.90%,42.57%,6.44%and 9.41%respectively among the 202 varieties tested for resistance identification in 2021,and the proportion of the five resistance type varieties are 60.10%,9.36%,15.76%,9.85%and 4.93%respectively in the 203 varieties tested for resistance identification in 2022,which indicates that the varieties with HR and MR are dominated in both two years.For maize ear rot,the proportion of varieties with HR,R,MR,S and HS are 4.95%,66.83%,22.28%,4.95%and 0.99%respectively in 2021 tested varieties,and the proportion of the five resistance type varieties are 0,86.70%,11.82%,0.99%and 0.49%respectively in 2022 tested varieties,which indicates that the R type varieties are dominated in both two years.For corn southern leaf blight,the proportion of varieties with HR,R,MR,S and HS are 28.22%,30.69%,26.73%,14.36%and 0 respectively in 2021 tested varieties,and the proportion of the five resistance type varieties are 0.49%,51.23%,28.57%,18.23%and 1.48%in 2022 tested varieties,which indicates that the R type varieties are dominated in both two years.In conclusion,among the new corn varieties that participated in the regional trial and introduction trial in Henan Province during 2021-2022,the proportion of varieties with three main disease resistance types(including HR,R and MR)in the Huang-Huai-Hai region is relatively high,which reflects that corn breeding units pay more attention to the breeding work of the three key diseases.It provides an important support for controlling main corn diseases by using disease-resistant varieties in production.