全球南-北方视角下的零工经济与平台劳动——现状、挑战与启示

Gig Economy and Platform Labour from a Global North-South Perspective--Current Situation,Challenges and Enlightenment

在全球范围内,以“优步化”为特征的零工经济已经渗透到经济社会的诸多领域,并且多方位地改造着劳动者的工作方式和劳资关系。通过对公平工作项目在全球南-北方国家的评分比较发现,平台劳动状况主要受到各国法律框架、劳动力市场、工人结社力量、企业社会责任及合作主义传统四方面因素的影响。基于对以上因素的分析,本文归纳出平台劳动的四个特征:一是平台用工的不稳定性和去职业保障特征在全球南-北方各国呈现出高度的相似性,但各国在平台劳动关系立法上的探索很大程度地影响着该国平台的劳动条件;二是平台用工所依赖的正是劳动力市场中的脆弱群体——在全球北方国家是移民工人,在全球南方国家则是低技能的非正规工人;三是平台工人进行集体抗争以及各类组织化的尝试是有效对抗平台剥削的手段,全球南-北方国家的平台工人呈现出不同的组织化趋势;四是平台企业社会责任感以及创新型的平台经济模式是在法律框架之外的改善平台劳动状况的有效途径。以上平台劳动的国际经验可为我国平台的劳动治理提供多方面的启示。

Globally,the gig economy characterized by“Uberization”has penetrated into many areas of the economy and society,and is transforming the working pattern and labour relations in many aspects.Through the comparison of Fairwork ratings on platforms in the Global North-South countries,it is found that the platform labour conditions are mainly affected by four factors:the legal framework,the labour market,the power of workers’associations and corporate social responsibility and the tradition of cooperativism.Based on the analysis of the above factors,four characteristics of platform labour can be summarized:First,the instability and de-employment security of platform labour are highly similar in the Global North-South countries,but the exploration of platform labour relations legislation has a great impact on the domestic platform labour conditions.Second,platform labour relies on vulnerable groups in the labour market—migrant workers in the Global North,and low-skilled informal workers in the Global South.Third,the collective struggle and various organizational attempts of platform workers are effective ways to fight against platform exploitation,which shows different organizational trends in the Global North-South countries.Fourth,the corporate social responsibility of platforms and innovative platform economic models are also effective in improving the platform labour conditions.The above international experience of platform labour provides some enlightenment for the labour governance of China’s platforms.