新马克思主义视阈下的科学理性批判——以法兰克福学派为例

Critique of Scientific Reason From the Perspective of New Marxism——A Case Study of the Frankfurt School

韦伯在“以科学为业”的演讲中提出了“为旧世界祛魅”的观点,意在强调科学理性给人类所带来的划时代意义。但后世的新马克思主义理论家,尤其是以法兰克福学派为代表的诸位学人指出:科学理性有再次被“赋魅”的可能性。文章即从对赋魅机制的解构出发,探寻科学理性祛魅后又在无意间对现实世界造成的负外部性影响,提出人们对工具理性的片面追求使科技在飞速发展和普遍运用的过程中被资本主义制度扭曲了,其直接造成了人与人、人与自然关系的高度紧张。故此,有必要对科技成果潜在的负面影响做出充分评估。只有这样,人们才能真正反思理性的运用方式,避免陷入“赋魅-祛魅-再赋魅”的循环之中。

Weber proposed the viewpoint of“disenchantling the old world”in his speech on“science as a profession”,aiming to emphasize the epoch making significancethat scientific rationality brings to humanity.But later Neo Marxist theorists,especially those represented by the Frankfurt School,pointed out that there is a possibility of scientific rationality being“enchanted”again.The article starts from the deconstruction of the enchantment mechanism,exploring the negative externalities that scientific rationality has unintentionally caused to the real world after being disenchanted.It points out that people’s one-sided pursuit of instrumental rationality has distorted technology in the process of rapid development and widespread application by the capitalist system,directly causing high tension in the relationship between humans and nature.Therefore,it is necessary to fully evaluate the potential negative impact of technological achievements.Only in this way can people truly reflect on the use of reason and avoid falling into a cycle of“enchantment disenchantment re enchantment”.