“苏维埃”概念引入中国的思想史探究

An Ideological Study of the Introduction of the Concept of“Soviet”to China

一战后随着国际格局变动,政治思想观念出现新动向,进而波及到了中国。欧洲出现反思代议制的热潮,国际思想界期待苏维埃作为职业代表制的一种形式来实现社会主义民主;同时,俄国的苏维埃制度,实现了列宁理论中以工农为主体的无产阶级专政形式。这些新思潮都在五四后期传入中国,彼此交融并发挥影响。对于民初议会失望之极的中国知识分子,开始倾心苏维埃的职业代表制民主理念。在这一思想背景之下,早期中共党员主动译介并吸收新词新知,丰富了苏维埃与无产阶级专政的理论图景。大革命失败后经过几番讨论,“苏维埃”口号终于进入工农革命实践,开启了中国革命的新阶段。

Following World War I,shifts in the international landscape led to new trends in political thought that subsequently had an impact on China.Europe saw a surge in reflections on representative democracy and the international intellectual community anticipated that the Soviet system as a form of occupational representation would bring about the realization of socialist democracy.Concurrently,the Soviet system in Russia embodied Lenin’s theory of a proletarian dictatorship led by workers and peasants.These new ideas,which were introduced into China during the late May Fourth period,had an influence on China.Chinese intellectuals,deeply disillusioned with the early Republican parliament,began to embrace the Soviet concept of occupational representative democracy.Against this intellectual backdrop,early members of the Chinese Communist Party proactively translated and absorbed new terms and knowledge that enriched the theoretical landscape of the Soviet system and proletarian dictatorship.Following the failure of the Great Revolution and after several rounds of discussion,the“Soviet”slogan was finally incorporated into the practice of workers’and peasants’revolution,marking a new stage in the Chinese revolution.