“条理”与空时——张东荪对康德时空观的修正

“Order” and Space-time: Zhang Dongsun s Revision of Kant s View of Space and Time

早期张东荪在多元认识论的视域中考察空间时间的“根据”“形态”和“性质”,强调时空是“认知上的先验格式”,但又必与外界的“条理”相应,并通过“主客交互”的认识活动发挥作用与获得改良。他也将空时理解为宇宙最根本的架构,并由宇宙的“层创进化”而主张创造的人生与超越“今此”的生活。学思转变后,张氏更尝试从人类学文化学的视角探讨中西时空观之异及其基础。张东荪自诩是“修正的康德主义”者,他有关“条理”与空时及其交互作用的思考,试图跳出仅以纯粹的主观与确定的形式理解空时的观点,并回应来自现代自然科学的各种挑战,拓展了20世纪中国哲学时空观的研究。

In his early days,Zhang Dongsun discussed the“foundation”,“form”and“nature”of space and time in the perspective of pluralistic epistemology.He emphasized that time and space were“the cognitive a priori”,but must correspond to the“order”of the outside world,and work or improve through the cognitive activities of“subject-object interaction”.He also understood space and time as the most fundamental“structure”of the universe,and advocated a way of life beyond“now and here”based on the emergent evolution of the universe.With changes in learning and thinking,he also tried to reveal the differences between the Western views and the Chinese views of space and time and their foundations from the anthropological and culturological perspectives.He regarded himself as a revisionist of Kantianism.His thinking of“order”and space and time as well as their interaction is an attempt of transcending the view of space and time based only on pure subjectivity and definite forms and a response to various challenges of modern natural sciences,which has expanded the research vision on time and space in Chinese philosophy in the 20th century.