人类口服病毒疫苗的研究进展

Advances of human oral viral vaccine development

研制能同时诱导有效黏膜免疫和系统免疫的疫苗是预防黏膜感染病原体的理想目标。消化道具有许多产生黏膜免疫的位点,包括口腔、胃和小肠等。理想的口服病毒疫苗不仅能诱导较好的局部及远端黏膜免疫,也能产生较好的系统免疫,而且还因为具有无痛接种、可自行服用等优势而备受关注。由于人消化道环境及黏膜免疫的复杂性,目前成功上市的人口服病毒疫苗仅限于3种减毒活疫苗。本文将从消化道黏膜免疫的特点、当前口服病毒疫苗种类及研究现状、口服病毒疫苗所面临的挑战等方面进行综述,期望对我国人口服病毒疫苗的研究和开发提供参考和借鉴。

Development of a vaccine that can simultaneously induce effective mucosal immunity and systemic immunity is an ideal goal to prevent mucosal pathogenic infections.The digestive tract has many sites for inducing mucosal immunity,including the mouth,stomach and small intestine.An ideal oral viral vaccine can not only induce better local and distal mucosal immunity,but also produce better systemic immunity.The oral viral vaccine has also attracted much attention because of its painless vaccination,self-administration and other advantages.Due to the complexity of human digestive tract environment and mucosal immunity,only three oral attenuated live vaccines have been successfully marketed for human use.This review summarizes the characteristics of gastrointestinal mucosal immunity,the current types and research status of oral viral vaccines,and the challenges faced by oral viral vaccines,with the hope to facilitate the research and development of oral viral vaccines for human use in China.