匈奴贵族墓葬出土动物纹马饰研究

A Study on the Animal-patterned Equestrian Ornaments Unearthed from the Tombs of the Xiongnu Nobles

本文对蒙古国和俄罗斯境内匈奴贵族墓葬出土的155件动物纹马饰进行了综合研究。对材质、纹饰、尺寸和组合的考察结果表明,匈奴贵族墓葬中此类马饰出土频率高、数量多、组合完整,显然是遵循某种固有的范式制造,并且在随葬活动中也遵循一定规则,与墓主身份级别存在明显关系。因此它们应当是专门为匈奴贵族制作,是身份地位的典型代表性器物之一。这些马饰中独角兽纹饰最为普遍,包括羊形和怪兽形两种类型,可能受到多种文化因素的影响,与中原麒麟之间的关系需要重新讨论。

This article conducts a comprehensive study on 155 animal-patterned equestrian ornaments unearthed from the tombs of the Xiongnu nobles in Mongolia and Russia.The inspection result of materials,patterns,sizes,and combinations indicate that this type of equestrian ornaments were unearthed frequently,in large quantities,and in complete combinations in the tombs of the Xiongnu nobles.It clearly follows an inherent paradigm of manufacturing,and also follows certain rules in burial activities,which is clearly related to the identity level of the tomb owner.Therefore,they should be specially made for the Xiongnu nobility and are one of the typical representative artifacts of identity and status.Among these horse decorations,unicorn motifs are the most common,including two types:sheep and monster,which may be influenced by various cultural factors.The potential relationship between the Xiongnu unicorn pattern and the Qilin in ancient China needs to be reconsidered.