中小学生运动能力特征及影响因子分析

Features and Influencing Factors of Sports Ability ofPrimary and Secondary School Students in China

目的:从学生自身运动能力的微观视角,探索我国不同地区、不同年龄段、不同性别中小学生运动能力存在的特征和影响因子,以期提高学生劣势能力,达到全面发展的效果。方法:采用实验测试、数理统计等方法,对18406名(9302名男生,9104名女生)学生的14项运动能力进行测试。研究结论:第一,不同地市中小学生整体运动能力发展呈现非衡性特征,石家庄最高,西安应注重峰值提升,成都男生、女生均应注重低年级运动能力提升;三个地市均高中阶段下滑,应注重保持和提升。第二,男、女生运动能力均呈波浪式发展趋势;女生起始水平和峰值普遍高于男生,应注重峰值后的保持水平;男生应注重起始水平和最高能力的提升。第三,不同地市男生优势、劣势能力既有差异性,也存在共性,普遍存在的劣势能力为:肩关节灵活性、物体精准控制和下肢平衡稳定;不同地市女生优势、劣势能力相同,普遍存在的劣势能力包括:协调、物体精准控制和下肢平衡稳定。第四,同一地市男、女生影响因子均存在差异性,子能力分散,但也有共性,教学训练应针对个性因素,扬长补短;针对共性影响因子,应普遍注重提升。

The purpose of this research was to explore into the characteristics and influencing factors of the sports ability of the primary and middle school students in different areas,age groups and genders in China from the micro-perspective of the students sports ability so as to improve the students’ability and achieve an all-round development.18406 students(9302 boys and 9104 girls)were tested on 14 sports ability by experiment and mathematical statistics.Firstly,the overall sports ability development in different cities was unbalanced,with the highest in Shijiazhuang.Xi’an should pay attention to the peak value,while Chengdu should pay attention to the improvement of sports ability of the junior grade students.The students’sports ability in these three cities at high school stage declined,which was to be maintained and enhanced.Secondly,both the male and female students’sports ability showed a wave-like development trend.The female students’starting level and peak value were generally higher than that of the male students.Attention should be paid to the maintenance level after the peak.The male students should pay attention to the improvement of starting level and maximum ability.Thirdly,the advantages and disadvantages of the male students in different cities had both differences and commonalities.The common disadvantages came from flexibility of shoulder joint,accurate control of objects and stability of lower limbs.The advantage and disadvantage abilities of the female students in different cities were the same.The common weak abilities included coordination,object precise control and lower limb balance stability.Fourthly,there were differences in influencing factors between the male and female students in the same city,and the sub-ability was scattered,but there were also commonalities.