马克思早期法哲学视域下的财产权批判思想研究

Research on Marx's Early Critical Thought on Property Rights from the Perspective of Legal Philosophy

马克思早期法哲学视域下的财产权批判思想经历了由资本主义架构内的批判到超越资本主义视野批判的演变过程。马克思起初为贫民捡拾枯树枝的权利作辩护,指责富人的“先占权”;揭露官僚政治是导致葡萄种植者贫困、财产权遭受损害的原因。马克思继而批判了黑格尔的权利和义务关系的思想,揭露了国家最高统治结构是私有财产的结构,提出了建立真正民主制的构想。他进而区分了政治解放和人的解放,揭露了市民社会的私有财产权是少数人独占的、自利的权利,提出了否定私有财产、实现社会的普遍财产权的人的解放的路径。马克思财产权批判思想的进路和启示性在于,他对底层民众内涵和历史作用的理解越来越具体、丰富;由从历史中寻找财产权根据转变为要求社会人权的全面恢复;从建构理性伦理共同体到建立人与人直接联系的社会共同体;为转向政治经济学研究奠定了理论基础。

Under the early Marxist jurisprudential perspective,Marx's critical thinking on property rights underwent an evolution from criticism within the framework of capitalism to a perspective that transcended capitalism.Initially,Marx defended the rights of the poor for gathering fallen branches and criticized the wealthy for their“right of preoccupation”.He exposed bureaucratic politics as the cause of impoverishment among vine growers and the damage to property rights.Marx then criticized Hegel's ideas about rights and obligations,revealing that the highest governing structure of the state is the structure of private property,and he proposed the idea of establishing a truly democratic system.He went on to distinguish between political liberation and human liberation,revealing that the private property rights in civil society belong to a few,self-interested individuals,and he proposed a path to negate private property and achieve universal property rights for all,which is the liberation of humanity.The significance and insight of Marx's critique of property rights lie in his increasingly concrete and enriched understanding of the essence and historical role of the lower classes.It evolved from searching for the basis of property rights in history to demanding the comprehensive restoration of human rights in society.It shifted from constructing a rational ethical community to establishing a social community with direct interpersonal connections,laying the theoretical foundation for a shift towards the study of political economy.