土家语的正反问句及其类型学意义

Positive-negative Interrogative Sentence in Tujia Language and Its Typological Significance

土家语正反问句的基本语序类型为“VP-conj-V-Neg”和“VP-Vcw-conj-VP-Vcwneg”。它与汉藏语系其他语言不同,否定成分位于句末是其语序的显著特征,这与土家语自身语法规则有关:否定副词和助动词均置于动词形容词之后。由否定动词构成的重叠式正反问句格式为AAB式,它源自于由否定动词构成的“VP-conj-Vneg”式正反问句的成分省略。“VP-thai35”格式的正反问句是随着土家族与汉族密切接触,土家语受汉语深度影响后而产生的,是土家人复制当地汉语方言“V没有”正反问句格式的结果,它的产生不仅扩大了土家语“thai35没有”的使用范畴,也代表了土家语正反问句发展的趋势,即采用相对简洁的问句形式表达询问。

The types of basic word order of positive-negative interrogative sentence in Tujia are VP-Conj-V-neg and VP-Vcw-Conj-VP-Vcwneg.It is different from other languages in the Sino-Tibetan language family,in that the negative element at the end of a sentence is a prominent feature of its word order,which follows Tujia's own grammatical rules,namely,negative adverbs and auxiliary verbs are placed after the verbs or adjectives.The reduplicated positive-negative interrogative sentences formed by negative verbs take the form of AAB,which in turn is resulted from the component ellipsis of the VP-Conj-Vneg positive-negative interrogative sentence formed by negative verbs.The formation of positive-negative interrogative sentence in the form of“VP-thai~(35)”is brought about by the considerable influence of the Chinese language under close contacts between the Tujia people and Han people.It is the result of Tujia language copying of the“V没有”positive-negative interrogative syntactic structure from the local Chinese dialect,the emergence of which not only expands the use of“thai~(35)没有”in Tujia,but also represents the trend of the development of positive-negative interrogative sentence in Tujia,namely,to adopt relatively simple question form to express inquiry.