大数据监管权的法律限制

Legal Restrictions on Big-Data Supervisory Power

大数据监管的行为逻辑在于,监管部门按照履行监管职责的需要,依法获取和处理互联网企业所掌握的海量用户个人信息数据,并据此做出影响市场主体和个人权益的后续行政措施。在数字经济快速发展和顶层政策激励的背景下,中国大数据监管实践呈现出从监管部门要求提供数据,到互联网企业大范围实时自动提供数据的演进趋势。当前,围绕大数据监管权行使的法律制度尚处于初步构建阶段。对于公民基本权利和公共利益保障这一根本任务而言,已有的规范大数据监管权行使的法律规则更多地体现了履行国家积极义务,围绕履行国家消极义务的“限权型”法律规则还有待构建。未来,法律制度构建的重心应是加强对于大数据监管权的法律限制,将此项权力的行使纳入法治化的轨道。具体的规则构建方向包括:严控大数据监管权的创设、明确监管的范围、建立健全合规免责与容错免责规则、采用临时性立法作为制度构建载体。

With the rapid development of the digital economy and digital government,big-data supervision in China has undergone three stages of development,which ultimately leads to real-time data acquisition of firms' data by interfaces.Now,the legal framework of big-data supervision is still developing in its early stage.The existing legal framework of big-data supervision only partly achieves the fundamental task of protecting citizens' basic rights and public interests as it narrowly reflects the achievement of the state's positive obligation.The legal rules restricting state's supervisory powers need to be enacted.The focus of future legal development is to enhance legal control on the exercise of big-data supervisory powers.This article uses legal doctrinal analysis and empirical analysis to examine big-data supervision both in law and in practice.It reveals that the existing legal framework has been serving as a basis for exercising big-data supervisory power,and the restrictive legal rules for big-data supervision are inadequate.Policy and legal recommendations include:(1)creating restricting legal rules against misuse of big-data supervisory power;(2)restricting the creation of specific rules that require data transfer from firms;(3)establishing firms' compliance mechanism and fault tolerance mechanism;(4)exploring legislative review and judicial review on the exercise of big-data supervisory power.The findings of this article are three-fold.First,it investigates the development of big-data supervision and summaries its strengths and weaknesses.Second,it examines the logic of the legal development of big-data supervision from the perspective of the right to personal information.Third,it provides legal recommendations for the regulation of big-data supervision under the context of the transformation of the digital economy and digital government.This article aims to reveal the fundamentals of big-data supervisory power.On the one hand,the rapid expansion of big-data supervisory power reflects the state's obligation to protect citizens' basic rights;on the other hand,it is necessary to establish restrictive legal rules against the misuse and abuse of big-data supervisory power for achieving the state's negative obligation of safeguarding basic rights.