Spectral-furcated vector soliton in birefringence-managed fiber lasers

We demonstrate spectral-furcated vector solitons in normal-dispersion fiber lasers comprising a section of polarizationmaintaining fiber.The spectrum of each orthogonal-polarized component is confined by the birefringence-related phasematching principle,and the bicorn spectral structure corresponds to the zero-order sidebands of two vector modes.Due to the Hopf bifurcation effect,the vector soliton evolves into a breathing state at the higher pump level,accompanied by an extra set of sub-sidebands that continuously exchange energy with the zero-order sidebands.Simulation results fully reproduce experimental observations of the spectral furcation and soliton breathing,offering comprehensive insights into the pulse-shaping mechanism of the birefringence-managed soliton.