中国植稻土壤发生分类的研究现状与存在问题分析

Status and Problems on Genesis and Classification Research of Rice-planting Soils in China

植稻土壤是中国最为重要的农业土壤,它是被人类用于水稻生产、通过长期水耕熟化形成了具有特定土壤剖面特征的一类土壤。中国目前的“中国土壤分类系统”与“中国土壤系统分类”等2个土壤分类系统中都把其作为独立的土壤类型,分别称为水稻土和水耕人为土。该类土壤是周期性灌溉、排水、施肥、耕耘、轮作下逐步形成的,其主要的成土过程包括周期性的氧化还原交替与铁锰淋淀、盐基淋溶与复盐基作用和强烈的有机碳的固定与积累作用。当前对这类土壤的定量化研究已逐渐完善,对其在地理空间上的分布规律与特点及其受地形、成土母质的影响也有较为深入的了解。但有关这类土壤中氧化铁垂直分异的机理、某些土壤类别的设置、土壤定量鉴定标准、田间调查制图技术及因利用方式改变引起的土壤类型演化等问题还有待进一步研究完善。

Rice-planting soils are the most important agricultural soils in China.It is a group of soils with hydroponic maturation in which human beings have cultivated rice for a long time,and a specific soil profile structure has been formed.“Chinese Soil Classification System”and“Chinese Soil Taxonomy”,two current soil classification systems in China,regard rice-planting soil as an independent soil type,which is called paddy soils and stagnic anthrosols,respectively.This group of soils is gradually formed under periodic irrigation-drainage,fertilization,cultivation and rotation.Its main soil formation processes include periodic redox alternation and iron-manganese leaching,base leaching and base restoration actions,and strong fixation and accumulation of organic carbon.At present,the quantitative research on this group of soils has been gradually improved.There is a more in-depth understanding of its distribution law in geographical space and genetic characteristics affected by terrain and soil parent material.However,the mechanism of vertical differentiation of iron oxides in the soils,the setting of some soil subgroups,soil quantitative identification standards,field investigation and mapping technology and the evolution of soil types caused by the change in utilization mode need to be further studied.