国际法院临时措施的发展与价值释意——兼议“冈比亚诉缅甸案”临时措施的启示

The Development and Value of Provisional Measures in the International Court of Justice:Implications for Provisional Measures in the Gambia v.Myanmar Case

国际法院的临时措施是国际争端解决机制中的重要环节。随着相关司法实践的成熟,临时措施的理论内涵与法定要件也逐渐多元化。临时措施作为国际法院的固有权利不仅是实现程序正义的必然选择之一,也是紧迫条件下为达成国际司法公正、提高审判效率,以及防止争端加剧造成不可弥补的损害的可行选择之一。为了实现临时措施的初设目的,国际法院通过司法实践不断丰富和完善临时措施的一般规范路径。“五要件”分析法体现了国际法院高度的自由裁量权与灵活性。以“冈比亚诉缅甸案”为切入点,本文认为,在理论上,当案件涉及对世义务或强行法规则时,临时措施的要件选择与判断标准较低;临时措施命令趋向于糅杂程序与实体问题的判断。在实践中,政治因素对临时措施同样具有潜在影响。临时措施面临的现实困境是执行问题,疏解此问题需要司法和外交途径协同合作。

Provisional measures of the International Court of Justice(ICJ)are important component of international dispute settlement mechanism.With the maturity of relevant judicial practice,the theoretical implications and legislative elements of provisional measures have gradually been diversified.As an inherent right of ICJ,provisional measures are not only one of the essential solutions to achieve procedural justice,but also one of the practicable options for achieving international judicial integrity,improving the efficiency of trials and preventing irreparable prejudices caused by the aggravation of disputes in urgent condition.To achieve the original design of provisional measures,the ICJ has continually developed and refined the general normative path of provisional measures through judicial practice.The"five statutory elements"analysis has been applied to the orders of provisional measures with a high discretionary power and flexibility of the ICJ.Taking the Gambia v.Myanmar case as an entry point,this article argues that the development of provisional measures has both theoretical and practical perspectives.Theoretically,the standard for element of provisional measures selection and judgment is lower when the case involves obligation of era omnes or the rule of jus cogens;provisional measures orders tend to be judged as a mixture of procedural and substantive issues.In practical reality,political factors also potentially weigh on provisional measures.The practical dilemma for the development of provisional measures is the enforcement,which will be solved by the coordination of judicial and diplomaticmeasures.