德意志作为欧洲问题:涂尔干对现代国家问题的最后思考

Germany as a European Question:Durkheim's Final Thoughts on the Modern State Problem

本文以涂尔干论述的黑格尔的社会理论为线索,系统考察了涂尔干在其最后岁月对现代国家问题的思考。本文认为,涂尔干在思考现代国家问题时,黑格尔的社会理论始终是作为其国家理论的参照面而存在的,这种关系一直延续到一战期间对“德意志高于一切”的思考。借助这一线索,本文不但揭示了英法两国个人主义在现代世界所面临的危机,同时还揭示了德国在应对该危机时所形成的国家形态对欧洲的个人主义文明构成的根本性挑战,涂尔干对其国家理论的修正正是出于此原因。最后,本文尝试提炼了涂尔干对现代国家问题诊断的社会病理学分析框架。

Taking Hegel's social theory discussed by Durkheim as a clue,the paper attempts to systematically examine Durkheim's thinking on the modern state problem in his last years.It is argued that Hegel's social theory always serves as a reference for Durkheim when he was concerned about the modern state,and such a function continued until he speculated about"Germany above all"during the First World War.With this clue,the paper reveals not only the crisis confronting the British and French tradition of individualism in the modern world but also the fundamental challenge brought to the European civilization of individualism by the German state form that developed during its dealing with the crisis,which constitutes the very reason of Durkheim's revision to his state theory.Finally,the paper attempts to distil Durkheim's socio-pathological analytical framework for the diagnosis of the modern state problem.