出土兵学文献所见古史构建考论

On the Construction of Ancient History Seen in Unearthed Military Literature

以往传世兵书中的古史记述较少,常常受到忽视。今对出土兵学文献进行考察,可以找到相当体量的古史资料。这些古史叙述一方面能补充现有诸子古史系统的缺环,另一方面也展现出兵学文献独特的古史构建方式:如银雀山汉简《黄帝伐赤帝》较《孙子·行军》篇增益了“一帝二王”故事,反映出战国时期兵学文献喜谈近世和天下视野的特点;银雀山汉简《孙膑兵法·设备》构建了“圣人作兵”的兵器发明传说,与清华简《五纪》等“蚩尤作兵”的叙事不同,是对“寝兵说”的对抗;银雀山汉简《地典》即是《尉缭子·天官》批评的“黄帝刑德”类文献,黄帝形象的冲突表明兵学文献之间亦有分歧;上博简、安大简《曹沫之陈》体现出不片面非古、不全然复古的古史观,与儒、法两家皆不相同,具有独特性。

The ancient history recorded in the military literature has drawn little academic attention.As a matter of fact,considerable amount of historical materials can be found in the unearthed military literature.These materials can be used as a supplement to ancient history narratives and they also provide unique perspectives for the construction of ancient history.For example,materials from the Yinqueshan(银雀山)Han bamboo slips reflect the characteristics of the Warring States period military literature to discuss about contemporary and universal issues.In addition,materials in Yinqueshan Han bamboo slips contain idea of the sage created weapon,which is contradictory to the idea of stopping wars.Materials in Shanghai Museum bamboo collection and Anhui University collection,on the other hand,provide clues indicating the idea of rejecting restoration of ancient systems,which is different from the ideas of Confucians and the Legalists.