马克思实践概念中“应当”与“是”涵义探考——基于实践概念在德国古典哲学中的内涵转向

“Should”and“Is”in Marx Practice Concept——Connotation Turn Based on Practice Concept in German Classical Philosophy

当代中西方马克思主义学界,对诸如马克思道德概念、共产主义理论等一些核心思想中始终存有“应当”与“是”的涵义之争。解决这一争议需要我们追问马克思的实践概念,并进一步考察实践概念在德国古典哲学观念论转向中的内涵转换、演进的过程。康德划分了现象必然世界(“是”的世界)与道德自由世界(“应当”世界)之间的界限,将人类的道德实践诠释为“应当”按照自我颁布的道德法则去行动。谢林“绝对同一”打破了主客体之间的界限,实现了德国古典哲学由先验向绝对观念论的转向。黑格尔哲学中继续秉承了实践概念“是”的内涵规定,并将其进一步演绎为主观道德外化为客观伦理的人类精神历史运动。马克思以实践辩证地统一了主客体,赋予实践概念以“改造世界”的全新内涵,但其“本质对象化”的生产实践中仍然保留了“是”的内涵范式,并将其融贯于道德意识形态、共产主义联合体等其他核心理论之中。

In contemporary Chinese and Western Marxism,there is always a controversy over the meaning of“Should”and“Is”in some core ideas,such as Marx’s concept of morality and the theory of communism.To resolve this controversy,we need to ask about Marx’s concept of practice,and further examine the process of the concept of practice’s connotation transformation and evolution in the conceptual turn of classical German philosophy.Kant delineated the boundary between the world of phenomenal necessity(the world of“Is”)and the world of moral freedom(the world of“Should”),interpreting human moral practice as“Should”to act in accordance with the moral law enacted by the self.Schelling’s“absolute identity”breaks the boundary between subject and object and realises the shift from a priori to absolute conceptualism in classical German philosophy.Hegel’s philosophy continued to uphold the connotation of the concept of practice“Is”and fur⁃ther interpreted it as the historical movement of the human spirit in which subjective morality is externalised into objective ethics.Marx dialectically united subject and object in practice and gave the concept of practice a new connotation of“transforming the world”,but still retained the connotation paradigm of“Is”in his“essence-objectifying”practice of production.The concept of practice,however,retains the connotative para⁃digm of“Is”in its“essential objectification”of productive practice,and is integrated into other core theories such as moral ideology and the communist association.