马克思幸福观的层阶辨析

The Hierarchical Discernment of Marx ’s Concept of Happiness

怎样理解人的幸福与如何看待人的本质息息相关。马克思从“人与自然的关系”“人与人的关系”和“人与自身的关系”这三个层面全面辩证地诠释了人的本质。马克思的幸福观内在包含着三个层阶:人与自然关系层面的物质幸福,人与人关系层面的社会幸福,人与自身关系层面的精神幸福。幸福作为整体,需要以物质生产和自然需求为基础,以社会交往和相互承认为升华,以精神满足和价值实现为目标。马克思由此认为超越资本主义社会,摆脱对“物的依赖”,实现“自由人的联合体”,人的幸福才能全面实现。

How to understand human happiness is closely related to how to view human nature.Marx compre⁃hensively and dialectically interpreted the nature of man from three levels:“man’s relationship with nature”,“man’s relationship with man”and“man’s relationship with himself”.Marx’s concept of happiness contains three levels:material happiness at the level of man’s relationship with nature,social happiness at the level of man’s relationship with man,and spiritual happiness at the level of man’s relationship with himself.Happi⁃ness as a whole needs to be based on material production and natural needs,sublimated by social interaction and mutual recognition,and aimed at spiritual satisfaction and value realization.Marx thus believed that human happiness can only be fully realized by transcending the capitalist society,getting rid of the“depen⁃dence on things”and realizing the“union of free men”.