改革开放以来乡村治理制度的发展谱系与价值旨归

The Development Trajectory and Value Orientation of Rural Governance System since China's Reform and Opening-up

追溯改革开放以来乡村治理的制度谱系,进而探究治理制度演化的社会背景与历史脉络,有助于揭示乡村治理形态的实践内涵。国家各级机构分别以法律、行政法规、地方性法规、政府规章和规范性文件等方式,在制度基础与政策空间两个维度对乡村社会治理形态进行了总体部署,包括治理功能的设定、治理主体的嬗变、治理结构的布局、治理单元的调整、治理过程的规范、治理有效的探索等。从政治过程理论的视角看,乡村治理制度演绎的逻辑机理基本表现为参与—回应—责任—善治这一系列过程的循环往复。其中制度演绎的根本动因是经济体制改革,逻辑起点是社会自治的赋权要求和社会自发的改革创新,行动轨迹是国家持续主动赋权社会,重要的内源动力是地方积极自主的创新行为。在这些制度变迁中,国家始终遵循着“人民至上”的价值导向,并在系统整合宏观与微观、纵向与横向多层治理体系的基础上不断推动社会治理走向“共建共治共享”,力求维持国家秩序与社会活力的动态平衡。

Tracing the institutional trajectory of rural governance since China's reform and opening-up,and exploring the social background and historical context in which the rural governance system has evolved help reveal the practical substance of rural governance patterns.Various state institutions have made overall arrangements for rural social governance patterns in two dimensions like institutional foundations and policy space,through national laws,administrative regulations,governmental rules,and departmental documents.These arrangements include defining governance functions,changing governance subjects,designing governance structures,adjusting governance units,standardizing governance processes,and exploring effective governance.From the perspective of political process theory,the logical mechanism in the evolution of rural governance system is manifested as a cycle of participation,response,accountability,and good governance.The fundamental impetus for institutional evolution is economic system reform,with the logic starting point being the empowerment requirements of social autonomy andspontaneous social reforms and innovations,the action trajectory being China's continuous proactive empowerment of society,and the important endogenous driving force being local initiative in innovations.Throughout these institutional changes,the country has always adhered to the value orientation of"peoplecentered"and constantly promoted the transformation of social management towards"co-construction,cogovernance and sharing"on the basis of systematic integration of macro and micro,vertical and horizontal multilevel governance systems,in an effort to maintain the dynamic balance between state order and social vitality.