著作权法中表达公有领域的司法认定

Judicial Determination of the Expression of Public Domain in the Copyright Law

表达公有领域是公有领域中呈现为表达的公共资源,是著作权司法实践中应当认定的公有领域范畴。表达公有领域的司法认定存在认定较为任意、逻辑不能自洽以及缺乏认定标准等问题,需要从原则指引、方法完善与标准设立三个层面予以消解。表达公有领域的司法认定具有复杂多样性与价值选择性,公共利益原则、动态认定原则与必要性原则能够为表达公有领域的司法认定提供原则指引。表达公有领域的司法认定主要有“拟制”与“比对”两种方法,拟制方法应审慎适用以减轻其延伸影响,比对方法则应注重适用与论证上的逻辑严谨性。以现实形象为基础创作作品与非以现实形象为基础创作作品中表达公有领域的认定遵循不同的标准,前者可以现实形象的“一般呈现方式”为界限,后者则应结合作品独创性与思想表达二分法之标准具体判定。

The expression of public domain is a public resource in the form of expression in the public domain,which should be recognized in the judicial practice of copyright in the public domain category.There are some problems in the judicial cognizance of the public domain,such as the arbitrariness of cognizance,the inconsistency of logic and the lack of cognizance standards,which need to be settled from three aspects:the guidance of principle,the perfection of method and the establishment of standards.The principle of public interest,the principle of dynamic cognizance and the principle of necessity can provide the guidance for the judicial cognizance of the expression public domain.There are two methods of judicial cognizance in the public domain:"the fiction method" and "the comparison method".The fiction method should be applied carefully to reduce its influence,the comparison method should pay attention to the logical rigor of application and demonstration.There are different criteria for the recognition of the public domain in the creation of works based on realistic images and in the creation of works based on non-realistic images,the former can be bounded by the "general presentation" of the image of reality,and the latter should be judged according to the originality of works and dichotomy of ideas and expression.