基于脸的治理及其转向:从刺脸、刷脸到非法AI换脸--兼论数智时代人的数字化问题

Face-based Governance and Its Turn:From Face-piercing and Face-scanning to Illegal Artificial Intelligence Face-swapping--On the Digital Issues of Person in the Age of Digital Intelligence

脸是人与人交往不可或缺的界面,因其不可遮蔽而被赋予了社会性,成为治理场域和治理工具。在人类历史发展过程中,随着社会权利的扩散和科学技术的发展,脸的社会化、市场化和数字化相继出现。在农业社会,基于血缘的脸是社会秩序建构的要素,历史上众多王朝将“刺脸”这种耻辱刑作为统治工具,以实现教育与惩罚功能。在工业社会,声光技术的发展促使脸实现了市场化,脸成为商品并产生交换价值,肖像权问题随之产生。随着数字社会来临,“刷脸”成为新的社会治理方式。“刺脸”和“刷脸”都是“基于脸的治理”,其中,“刺脸”具有残暴性,其基础是王朝权力;“刷脸”治理突破了公私权力的边界,不仅政府将其作为治理工具,企业、社会组织、社区都利用“刷脸”来进行管理。“刷脸”场景泛化致使隐私泄密,个人的脸被别人“控制”和使用,一些企业还利用“刷脸”来牟利。随着人工智能技术的发展,深度伪造已经冲击了人类感知的极限,非法AI换脸技术带来了诸多反社会功能。一方面,利用非法AI换脸进行诈骗、传播色情,生成不雅视频损害他人声誉,既破坏了生活原则,又违背了社会道德;另一方面,利用非法AI换脸传播虚假新闻、影响司法公正和重大选举结果,破坏政治秩序、社会秩序乃至国际秩序,引发社会混乱。目前,非法AI换脸带来的侵害已经渗透到了政治、经济、文化和社会生活之中,放任非法AI换脸可能导致虚假信息生态系统的形成,进而削弱社会信用的根基。“对于脸的治理”成为不可忽视的社会问题。从社会治理层面看,之所以要禁止非法AI换脸,一方面是因为它使行动者丧失主体性,给社会带来不可遏制的“恶”,引发系统的监管冲击;另一方面,它会导致部分人误用智能技术,从而损害人工智能的声誉。我国的传统文化十分重视人的脸面,失去面子是对尊严最大的损害,在文化意义上,禁止非法AI换脸非常重要。

Face is not only an indispensable interface for interpersonal communication,but also en-dowed with sociality due to its invisibility,becoming a governance field and tool.In the process of human historical development,with the diffusion of social rights and the development of science and technology,the socialization,marketization,and digitization of faces have emerged one after another.In the agricultur-al society,the face based on blood is an essential element in the construction of social order.Many dynas-ties in China have used the humiliating punishment of“face-piercing”as a ruling tool to achieve educa-tional and punitive functions.In the industrial society,the development of acousto-optic technology has promoted the marketization of faces,which have become commodities and generate exchange value,leading to the issue of portraiture right.With the advent of the digital society,especially the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic,“face-scanning”has become a new way of social governance.In a word,“face piercing”and“face-scanning”are both“face-based governance”.Among them,the“face-piercing”rule is cruel but based on dynastic power,but the“face-scanning”governance breaks through the boundary of public and private power.Not only does the government use it as a governance tool,but enterprises,social organi-zations,and even communities and residential quarters use it to manage.The generalization of the“face-scanning”scenario leads to privacy leakage;Your face is“controlled”and used by others,and some com-panies even use“face-scanning”to make profits.With the development of artificial intelligence(AI)tech-nology,Deepfake has already impacted the limits of human perception,and illegal AI face-swapping tech-nology has brought many antisocial functions.One is to use illegal AI face-swapping to commit fraud and spread pornography,generating indecent videos that damage others’reputation,which not only undermines the principles of life but also undermines social morality.The second is to use illegal AI face-swapping to spread false news,affect judicial fairness and major election results,disrupt political order,social order,and even international order,and cause social chaos.At present,the infringement brought by illegal AI face-swapping has penetrated into political,economic,cultural and social life.Allowing illegal AI face-swapping may lead to the formation of a false information ecosystem,forming a“liar dividend”and thus weakening the foundation of social credit.“The governance of the face”has become a social problem that cannot be ignored.From the perspective of social governance,the reason for prohibiting illegal AI“face-scanning”is because it causes actors to lose their subjectivity;Bring uncontrollable“evil”to society;Trig-gered a systemic regulatory shock.In addition,it has deeply damaged the reputation of AI.China has a traditional culture that attaches importance to the face.Losing face is the greatest damage to dignity,so banning illegal AI face-swapping is very necessary.