走向现实深处的青年马克思——基于《克罗伊茨纳赫笔记》《巴黎笔记》文本的再考察

The Young Marx Who Went Deep into Reality:A Re-examination Based on the Kreuz.nach Notebooks and Paris Notebooks

1843—1844年间,尽管费尔巴哈哲学是马克思转向唯物主义、创立异化劳动理论的必经之路,但马克思从不是亦步亦趋的费尔巴哈主义者。借助MEGA2新文献可见,最先在《克罗伊茨纳赫笔记》的历史研究中,马克思形成了市民社会决定国家的唯物主义思想,从而突破费尔巴哈拘于自然领域的哲学框架,自主地从历史现实出发批判黑格尔思辨哲学从而转向唯物主义。随后凭借《巴黎笔记》的政治经济学研究,成功超出费尔巴哈的宗教异化论断,构建独特的异化劳动理论。而且,经由政治经济学的社会唯物主义视角,马克思逐渐跃出费尔巴哈感性直观的抽象哲学框架,为通往历史唯物主义埋下伏笔。可见,青年马克思虽受费尔巴哈影响,但他是相对独立地转向唯物主义与异化劳动理论及其观照的现实深处,他者理论的光辉无法掩盖马克思自主的理论探索与创新之路。

Between 1843 and 1844,although Feuerbach's philosophy was the prerequisite for his turning to materialism and proposing his alienated labor theory,Marx never blindly followed suit.As MEGA2's new literature has revealed,Marx first formed the materialist idea that civil society determined the state in the historical research in the Kreuznach Notebooks.This study enabled Marx to break through Feuerbach's nature-centered philosophical framework and independently criticize Hegel's speculative philosophy on the basis of historical reality,thus shifting to materialism.In his contiguous Paris Notebooks on political economy,Marx successfully constructed a unique alienated labor theory that went beyond Feuerbach's assertion on religious alienation.Moreover,with the aid of the social materialist perspective in political economy,NMarx gradually moved away from Feuerbach's abstract philosophy of perceptual intuition,paving the way for historical materialism.Therefore,although once influenced by Feuerbach,Marx independently turned to materialism and alienated labor theory and dived into the depths of reality.The resplendence of others'theories could not conceal Marx's independent road to theoretical exploration and innovation.