《奏谳书》所见的诉讼证明规则考论

On The Rules of Litigation Proof in Zou Yan Shu

《奏谳书》记载的案例在运用证据证明待证事实和案件事实认定上达到了不可怀疑的确信程度,在证明标准表述上可称之为排除合理怀疑的证明标准。被告人对指控犯罪事实的认可,承办案件的司法官吏对案件事实的查证、审核达到确信程度是定罪量刑的前提和基础。获取犯罪嫌疑人或刑事被告人的口供遵循先讯问、再诘问的调查程序;刑讯是非必要的获取犯罪嫌疑人或刑事被告人口供的手段,必要使用时须背书,并且要记明刑讯理由。“捕奸者必案校上”是对审理和奸、强奸类案件的证据形式性规定;官文书、具有合法身份者的指令是判断特定行为性质的法定证据;三辨券书的合同性是特定权利证明的形式要求。《奏谳书》所呈现的案件事实的证明方法有推定证明、印证证明、验证证明和完整性证明。推定证明方法包括三段论推定、类比推定和辩证推定。

The cases recorded in the"Zou Yan Shu"have reached an unquestionable level of certainty in using evidence to prove the facts to be proven and the determination of the facts in the case.In terms of the expression of the proof standard,it can be called the proof standard that excludes reasonable doubt.The defendant's recognition of the accused Corpus delicti,and the judicial officer handling the case's investigation and verification of the facts of the case to a certain extent are the premise and basis for conviction and sentencing.Obtaining the confession of the suspect or criminal defendant shall follow the investigation procedure of interrogation first and then cross examination;Torture is an unnecessary means to obtain the confession of the suspect or criminal defendant.If necessary,it must be endorsed and the reasons for torture must be recorded.The formal provision of evidence for the trial of cases of rape and rape is that'those who apprehend adultery must report to the court';Official documents and instructions from individuals with legal status are legal evidence to determine the nature of specific actions;The contractual nature of the three vouchers is a formal requirement for specific proof of rights.The methods of proving the facts of the case presented in the"Zou Yan Shu"include presumption proof,confirmation proof,verification proof,and completeness proof.The methods of presumption proof include Aristotelian logic presumption,analogy presumption and dialectical presumption.